| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不銹鋼 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不銹鋼通常含有11-18%的鉻、3-10%的鎳、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的錳、硅、鋁、鉬、鈮和鈦。這些鋼可在固溶處理條件下供應，該條件易于制造或機加工，然后通過時效處理硬化，從而產生細小的第二相沉淀。它們有奧氏體、半奧氏體和馬氏體等級。用途包括彈簧、刀具和壓力容器。 |
| Proof load | 驗證載荷（單位 N） |
The maximum, safe, static, tensile load which can be placed on a fastener without yielding it. Sometimes given as a force (in lb or N) sometimes as a stress (in psi or MPa). The test load in quality control to which different components made of different materials must be subjected without failing in order to perform properly. 可施加在緊固件上而不使其屈服的最大安全靜態拉伸載荷。有時以力（lb或N）表示，有時以應力（psi或MPa）表示。質量控制中的測試負荷，由不同材料制成的不同部件必須經受該負荷，才能正常運行。 |
| Hoseclip | 軟管夾 |
(hose clamp) A circular metal band, one end of which has a screw mechanism through which passes the other end such that the screw engages with indentations in the band, allowing the clip to be tightened or loosened. Used to hold a hose on to a pipe such as a water outlet. （軟管夾）一種圓形金屬帶，其一端有一個螺釘組織，另一端穿過該螺釘組織，使螺釘與帶子上的凹口嚙合，從而可以擰緊或松開夾子。用于將軟管固定在管道上，例如出水口。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太陽能發電廠（CSP發電廠） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用鏡子或透鏡集中太陽輻射的發電廠，通常使用拋物面槽鏡，將太陽輻射沿著槽的焦線聚焦到接收管上。在另一種布置中，由安裝在塔上的太陽能接收器加熱的熔鹽通過蒸汽發生器循環。 |
| Clearance fit | 間隙配合 |
A range of clearances ranging from close sliding to loose running, i.e. a fit in which the limits for the mating parts always permit assembly. 從緊密滑動到松動運行的一系列間隙，即配合零件的限制始終允許組裝的配合。 |
| constitutive equation | 本構方程 |
(constitutive relation) 1. In solid mechanics or fluid mechanics, an algebraic or numerical relation for the dependency of stress on deformation, strain, strain rate, temperature, etc. in a material. In solid mechanics such a relation is sometimes called an equation of state. Simple linear examples include Hooke’s law and Newton’s viscosity law. 2. In heat transfer, a relation, such as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, connecting heat flux with temperature gradient. （本構關系）1.在固體力學或流體力學中，應力與材料的變形、應變、應變率、溫度等之間的代數或數值關系。在固體力學中，這種關系有時稱為狀態方程。簡單的線性例子包括胡克定律和牛頓粘度定律。2.在傳熱學中，將熱流與溫度梯度聯系起來的一種關系，如傅立葉熱傳導定律。 |
| Abrasivity | 磨蝕性 |
The extent to which a surface, particle, or collection of particles will tend to cause abrasive wear when forced against a solid surface under relative motion and under prescribed conditions. 在相對運動和規定條件下，一個表面、顆粒或顆粒集合在被迫抵靠固體表面時趨向于引起磨粒磨損的程度。 |
| Hardness test | 硬度測試 |
1. Any of various tests in which different hard indenters are forced into the surface of a solid under different loads to give permanent impressions, the pressure to cause which being called the hardness. The Brinell test employs a spherical indenter; the Vickers test a square-based pyramid. The relation between indentation hardness H and uniaxial yield stress Y is approximately H = (2.5 ~ 3.0)Y. Originally hardnesses were given in kg/mm2 but now are often given in Pa. 2. The tests for scratch and file hardness relate either to one material being able to mark another (Mohs hardness scale for minerals), or to the size of groove produced by a rigid indenter slid under load across a surface. 3. Rebound hardness concerns the height of rebound of a dropped indenter, or an indenter at the end of a pivoted arm, having struck a surface. 1.任何一種試驗，其中不同的硬壓頭在不同載荷下壓入固體表面，以產生永久壓痕，所產生的壓力稱為硬度。布氏試驗采用球形壓頭；維氏硬度測試是一個方形金字塔。壓痕硬度H與單軸屈服應力Y之間的關系約為H=（2.5~3.0）Y。最初硬度以kg/mm2為單位，但現在通常在Pa.2中給出。劃痕和銼刀硬度測試要么與一種材料能夠標記另一種材料（礦物的莫氏硬度標度）有關，要么與剛性壓頭在表面上滑動產生的凹槽大小有關。3.回彈硬度涉及掉落壓頭或旋轉臂端部壓頭撞擊表面后的回彈高度。 |
| Permissible variation | 允許偏差 |
For testing machines, the maximum allowable error in the value of the quantity indicated. It is convenient to express permissible variation in terms of the percent error. 對于試驗機，所示數量值的最大允許誤差。用誤差百分比表示允許偏差是很方便的。 |
| Screw machine | 螺絲機 |
A machine tool for high-volume manufacture of small turned components from rod or bar. 一種用棒或棒大批量制造小零件的機床。 |
| Morse taper | 莫氏錐度 |
A self holding, standard taper largely used on drilling tools, drilling machine spindles, and some lathes. 一種自持式標準錐度，主要用于鉆孔工具、鉆床主軸和一些車床。 |
| Prying | 撬動 |
The magnification of an External load by a pseudolever action when that load is an Eccentric tensile load. 當外部荷載為偏心拉伸荷載時，通過偽杠桿作用放大外部荷載。 |
| Belt drive | 帶傳動 |
Transmission of motion from one shaft to another by means of a continuous plain, or toothed, flexible band (belt) passing over pulleys. In contrast to chain drives, belt drives tend to be employed in low-torque applications. Reduction in transmissible power may occur due to stretch of a plain transmission belt which results in slack in the drive (belt creep) or slip of a belt on a driving or driven pulley (belt slip). 通過穿過滑輪的連續平帶或帶齒柔性帶（帶）將運動從一根軸傳遞到另一根軸。與鏈條傳動相比，皮帶傳動往往用于低扭矩應用。由于普通傳動帶的拉伸可能會導致傳動松弛（皮帶蠕變）或主動或從動皮帶輪上的皮帶打滑（皮帶打滑），從而導致傳動功率降低。 |
| Fracture mechanics | 斷裂力學 |
The stress analysis of bodies containing cracks. The use of stressconcentration factors and other correction factors of traditional strength of materials is inadequate when flaws are present initially (or develop during loading), since fracture depends not only on stress but also the size of the crack. Traditional strength of materials stress calculations cannot predict either the safe working stress in the presence of a known flaw, or the critical size of flaw just tolerable with a given working stress. 含裂紋物體的應力分析。當初始存在缺陷（或在加載過程中形成缺陷）時，使用應力集中系數和傳統材料強度的其他修正系數是不夠的，因為斷裂不僅取決于應力，還取決于裂紋的大小。傳統的材料強度應力計算既不能預測已知缺陷存在時的安全工作應力，也不能預測給定工作應力下可容忍的缺陷臨界尺寸。 |
| Brittle | 脆性材料 |
A brittle material is one that breaks, often suddenly, with no permanent deformation. Examples of brittle materials are some cast irons, glass, concrete, and some plastics. A bolt is said to be brittle if it will break when stretched only a small amount past its yield point. 脆性材料通常會突然斷裂，不會產生永久變形。脆性材料的例子有一些鑄鐵、玻璃、混凝土和一些塑料。如果螺栓在拉伸時僅超過其屈服點一小部分就會斷裂，則稱其為脆性螺栓。 |
| Critical point | 臨界點 |
(1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase or physical properties occurs. Same as transformation temperature. (2) In an equilibrium diagram, that specific value of composition, temperature and pressure, or combinations thereof, at which the phases of a heterogeneous system are in equilibrium. （1） 晶體結構、相或物理性質發生變化的溫度或壓力。與轉變溫度相同。（2） 在平衡圖中，指組成、溫度和壓力或其組合的特定值，在該值下，多相體系的相處于平衡狀態。 |
| British Standards Institution (BSI) | 英國標準協會（BSI） |
The Institution in the UK responsible for the preparation and publication of standard specifications (British standards) for manufactured goods, their design, manufacture and testing. 負責為制成品及其設計、制造和測試制定和發布標準規范（英國標準）的英國機構。 |
| Structural frame | 結構框架 |
The underlying load-bearing framework of beams, columns, bracing, etc., of steel, concrete, brick, stone, timber etc., required to support the static and dynamic forces a building or component is subjected to, including its weight and that of its contents. 由鋼、混凝土、磚、石、木材等制成的梁、柱、支撐等構成的底層承重框架，用于支撐建筑物或構件承受的靜態和動態力，包括其重量及其內含物的重量。 |
| Critical load (Unit N) | 臨界負荷（單位N） |
1. The applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. The applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.導致已知長度的現有裂紋擴展并因此導致部件或結構斷裂的施加荷載。2.導致具有給定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷載。 |
| Oxidizing flame | 氧化焰 |
A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the inner flame. 在內部火焰中過量氧氣產生的氣體火焰。 |
| Coalescence | 聚結 |
Growth of grains at the expense of the remainder by absorption or the growth of a phase or particle at the expense of the remainder by absorption or reprecipitation. 通過吸收以犧牲剩余為代價的晶粒的生長或以通過吸收或再沉淀為代價的以剩余為代價的相或顆粒的生長。 |
| Critical strain | 臨界應變 |
The strain just sufficient to cause recrystallization; because the strain is small, usually only a few percent, recrystallization takes place from only a few nuclei, which produces a recrystallized structure consisting of very large grains. 剛好足以引起再結晶的應變；由于應變很小，通常只有百分之幾，再結晶只發生在少數核上，從而產生由非常大的晶粒組成的再結晶結構。 |
| Pressure control valve | 壓力控制閥 |
A valve used to set the pressure level in a pressure vessel or piping system. 用于設置壓力容器或管道系統中壓力水平的閥門。 |
| Widmanst?tten structure | 魏氏組織 |
A structure characterized by a geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. The structure is readily produced in many alloys by appropriate heat treatment. 一種結構，其特征是沿母體固溶體的某些晶體學平面形成新相而形成的幾何圖案。新相中晶格的取向在晶體學上與母相中晶格的定向相關。通過適當的熱處理，在許多合金中容易產生這種結構。 |
| Stress difference (Unit Pa) | 應力差（單位Pa） |
The algebraic difference between the largest and least principal stresses in a loaded body, equal to twice the greatest shear stress in the system. For σ1 > σ2 > σ3, it is given by (σ1 ? σ3). 載荷體中最大和最小主應力之間的代數差，等于系統中最大剪應力的兩倍。由（σ1? σ3).，可得σ1＞σ2＞σ3。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止動墊圈（鎖緊墊圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一種墊圈，具有一個或多個突出凸耳，可彎曲以防止螺母或螺栓頭松動。 |
| Octane number | 辛烷值 |
(octane rating) A measure of the anti-knock properties of a fuel taken as the percentage by volume of iso-octane in the fuel. （辛烷值）以燃料中異辛烷的體積百分比表示的燃料抗爆性能的量度。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的桿，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如電鉆。 |
| Volume flow rate | 體積流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m3/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （體積流量）（單位m3/s）單位時間內流經表面或管道或其他管道的材料體積，通常為流體或粉末。 |
| Velocity defect (Unit m/s) | 速度虧損（單位：m/s） |
In a viscous flow, such as a boundary layer or wake, the reduction in velocity, due to friction, compared with that of the free stream. 在粘性流中，如邊界層或尾跡，由于摩擦，與自由流相比，速度降低。 |
| B-basis | B-基礎 |
Mechanical property value above which at least 90% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. 機械性能值超過該值時，至少90%的值預計會下降，置信度為95%。 |
| Grub screw | 平頭螺絲 |
A short headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screw driver or key. 一種短的無頭螺釘，一端有一個凹槽，用于安裝螺絲刀或鑰匙。 |
| Crack size (a) | 裂紋尺寸（a） |
A lineal measure of a principal planar dimension of a crack. This measure is commonly used in the calculation of quantities descriptive of the stress and displacement fields. In practice, the value of crack size is obtained from procedures for measurement of physical crack size, original crack size, or effective crack size, as appropriate to the situation under consideration. 裂紋主平面尺寸的線性度量。這種測量通常用于計算描述應力場和位移場的量。在實踐中，裂紋尺寸的值是通過測量物理裂紋尺寸、原始裂紋尺寸或有效裂紋尺寸的程序獲得的，視情況而定。 |
| Bulk density (Unit kg/m3) | 容重（單位kg/m3） |
The average density of a mass of granular or powdered material at ambient conditions. 在環境條件下大量粒狀或粉狀材料的平均密度。 |
| Hot stamping | 熱沖壓 |
Hot forging of brass and bronze alloys. 黃銅和青銅合金的熱鍛。 |
| Crack | 裂縫 |
A thin fissure-like defect in a component or structure across which material continuity is lost and which reduces the strength of the body. 部件或結構中的細裂縫狀缺陷，材料連續性喪失并降低了身體的強度。 |
| Blade compressor | 葉片式壓縮機 |
An oil-free, double-acting rotary compressor in which an angled blade attached to the inner surface of a rotating housing passes through a slot in a disk rotating about an axis perpendicular to that of the housing but offset from it. Air enters through apertures in the housing and leaves through a port in the housing. 一種無油雙作用旋轉式壓縮機，其中連接到旋轉外殼內表面的傾斜葉片穿過圓盤上的槽，該槽繞垂直于外殼的軸旋轉，但偏離外殼。空氣通過殼體中的孔進入，并通過殼體的端口離開。 |
| Rockwell hardness number (HR) | 洛氏硬度值（HR） |
A number derived from the net increase in the depth of impression in a Rockwell hardness test as the load on an indenter is increased from a fixed minor load to a major load and then returned to the minor load. Rockwell hardness numbers are always quoted with a scale symbol representing the penetrator, load, and dial used. 當壓頭上的載荷從固定的小載荷增加到大載荷，然后返回到小載荷時，洛氏硬度試驗中壓痕深度的凈增加值。洛氏硬度值總是用刻度符號引用，表示所用的穿透器、載荷和刻度盤。 |
| Transmission dynamometer | 傳動測功機 |
A dynamometer in which the power transmitted by a shaft is obtained from the product of its rotation speed and the torque determined from measured shear strains along the shaft. 一種測功機，其中軸傳遞的功率由其轉速和扭矩的乘積獲得，扭矩由沿軸測得的剪切應變確定。 |
| Kelvin (K) | 開爾文（K） |
The SI unit of temperature. The Kelvin temperature scale has a zero point at absolute zero and degree intervals (kelvins) the same size as degrees Celsius. The freezing point of water occurs at 273K (0oC) and the boiling point at 373 K (100oC). The base unit of thermodynamic temperature in the SI system. It was previously defined to be the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant kB to be 1.380 649 × 10?23?when expressed in the unit J/K, which is equal to kg.m2/(s2K). 國際單位制中熱力學溫度的基本單位。開爾文溫度標度在絕對零度和與攝氏度大小相同的度間隔（開爾文）處有一個零點。水的冰點為273K（0oC），沸點為373K（100oC）。它先前被定義為水三相點熱力學溫度的分數1/273.16。從2019年5月20日起，通過將玻爾茲曼常數kB的固定數值取為1.380649×10來定義?當以等于kg·m2/（s2K）的單位J/K表示時。 |
| Vacuum pump | 真空泵 |
A pump for exhausting air and non-condensable gases from a vessel to be maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure. The pirani and thermal-conductivity gauges are vacuum gauges used to measure the absolute pressure within a vacuum system (vacuum level), usually expressed in torr or Pa. 用于從容器中排出空氣和不凝性氣體以保持在亞大氣壓的泵。皮拉尼和熱導率計是用于測量真空系統內絕對壓力（真空水平）的真空計，通常用托或帕表示。 |
| Creep modulus (Unit Pa) | 蠕變模量（單位Pa） |
The ratio of stress/strain at a chosen strain level obtained from creep tests, often plotted against time to show changes in stiffness. 從蠕變測試中獲得的選定應變水平下的應力/應變比，通常隨時間繪制以顯示剛度的變化。 |
| Centrifugal pump | 離心泵 |
A pump into which liquid enters axially through the eye of the casing and is then accelerated through an impeller, thereby increasing both its kinetic energy and pressure before being delivered to a ring diffuser (the volute) that further increases the liquid pressure and from which it leaves. 一種泵，液體通過泵殼的眼軸向進入，然后通過葉輪加速，從而在輸送到環形擴散器（蝸殼）之前增加其動能和壓力，從而進一步增加液體壓力并從中流出樹葉。 |
| Dislocation density | 位錯密度 |
The total length of dislocation lines per unit volume, or the number of dislocation lines that cut through a unit cross-sectional area. 每單位體積的位錯線的總長度，或穿過單位橫截面積的位錯線的數量。 |
| Drift pin | 沖頭 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于對齊鉚釘孔的圓形錐形鋼銷，以便鉚釘輕松穿過孔。 |
| Crest clearance (Unit m) | 頂隙（單位米） |
For screw threads and gearing, the radial clearance between the crest of a thread (or gear) and the root of the engaging thread (or gear). 對于螺紋和齒輪，螺紋（或齒輪）的頂部與嚙合螺紋（或齒輪）的根部之間的徑向間隙。 |
| Abrasive wear | 磨料磨損 |
The removal or displacement of material from a surface when hard particles slide or roll across the surface under pressure. The particles may be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the surface being worn. Contrast with adhesive wear. 當硬質顆粒在壓力下在表面上滑動或滾動時，材料從表面上的去除或位移。顆粒可能是松散的或可能是與被磨損表面接觸的另一個表面的一部分。與粘著磨損形成對比。 |
| Bend test | 彎曲試驗 |
A test for determining the relative ductility of metal that is to be formed (usually sheet, strip, plate, or wire) or for determining soundness and toughness of metal (after welding, for example). The specimen is usually repeatedly bent over a specified diameter through a specified angle and then unbent for a specified number of cycles. There are four general types of bend tests, named according to the manner in which the forces are applied to the specimen to make the bend: free bend, guided bend, semiguided bend, and wrap-around bend. 確定待成形金屬（通常為薄板、帶材、板材或線材）的相對延展性或確定金屬的堅固性和韌性（例如，焊接后）的試驗。試樣通常在規定的直徑上重復彎曲一個規定的角度，然后在規定的循環次數內彎曲。彎曲試驗有四種一般類型，根據施加在試樣上的力進行彎曲的方式命名：自由彎曲、引導彎曲、半引導彎曲和環繞彎曲。 |
| Available head (Unit m) | 可用水頭（單位米） |
In a hydroelectric power system, the difference between the vertical height of the water level in the supply reservoir above the turbine inlet less the head loss due to friction and fittings in the duct leading to the turbine. 在水力發電系統中，水輪機入口上方供水水庫中水位垂直高度之間的差減去由于通向渦輪機的管道中的摩擦和配件造成的水頭損失。 |
| Critical temperature | 臨界溫度 |
(1) Synonymous with critical point if the pressure is constant. (2) The temperature above which the vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure. （1） 如果壓力恒定，則與臨界點同義。（2） 高于該溫度時，氣相不能通過壓力升高而冷凝為液體。 |
| Tension, bolt | 螺栓張力 |
Tension (tensile stress) created in the bolt by assembly preloads and=or such things as thermal expansion, service loads, etc. 由組件預載和=或熱膨脹、工作載荷等因素在螺栓中產生的張力（拉伸應力）。 |
| Cohesive zone | 凝聚力區 |
In fracture-mechanics modelling and simulation, the region at the crack tip over which an assumed traction (load-displacement) relation has to be overcome to permit initiation and propagation of a crack. 在斷裂力學建模和模擬中，必須克服假定的牽引（載荷-位移）關系以允許裂紋萌生和擴展的裂紋尖端區域。 |
| Metre (m) | 米（m） |
The base unit of length in the SI system. It is equal to the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 seconds. SI系統中長度的基本單位。它等于光在真空中在1/299792458秒內傳播的距離。 |
| Diffusion coefficient | 擴散系數 |
A factor of proportionality representing the amount of substance diffusing across a unit area through a unit concentration gradient in unit time. 一個比例因子，表示在單位時間內通過單位濃度梯度擴散到單位面積上的物質量。 |
| Biodiesel | 生物柴油 |
A substitute for diesel fuel derived from the oily seeds of sunflowers, oilseed rape, soya beans, etc. 從向日葵、油菜、大豆等的油性種子中提取的柴油的替代品。 |
| Plane strain | 平面應變 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth (i.e., parallel to the crack front); most nearly achieved in loading thick plates along a direction parallel to the plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 線彈性斷裂力學中的應力條件，其中在垂直于施加拉應力軸和裂紋擴展方向（即平行于裂紋前沿）的方向上存在零應變；最接近于沿平行于板表面的方向加載厚板。在平面應變條件下，斷裂失穩平面垂直于主拉應力軸。 |
| Quench aging | 淬火時效 |
Aging induced by rapid cooling after solution heat treatment. 固溶熱處理后快速冷卻引起的時效。 |
| Torsion test | 扭力測試 |
A test designed to provide data for the calculation of the shear modulus, modulus of rupture in torsion, and yield strength in shear. 為計算剪切模量、扭轉斷裂模量和剪切屈服強度而設計的試驗。 |
| Coefficient of friction (μ) | 摩擦系數（μ） |
?(coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of sliding friction, friction coefficient, μ) The ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N between two surfaces in contact, i.e. μ = F/N. Static friction is when there is no relative sliding; kinetic friction when there is. For structural components sliding on one another, the coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force causing the sliding to the force perpendicular to the sliding component surfaces. The coefficient of friction is dimensionless with values between zero and one. The number characterising the force necessary to slide or roll one material along the?€surface of another. If an object has a weight N and the coefficient of friction is μ, then the force F necessary to move it without acceleration along a level surface is F = μN. The coefficient of static friction determines the force necessary to initiate movement; the coefficient of kinetic friction determines the force necessary to maintain movement. Kinetic friction is usually smaller than static friction. （動摩擦系數、滑動摩擦系數、摩擦系數，μ）兩個接觸表面之間摩擦力F與法向力N的比值，即μ=F/N。靜摩擦是指沒有相對滑動時；有摩擦時的動摩擦。對于相互滑動的結構部件，摩擦系數是引起滑動的力與垂直于滑動部件表面的力的比值。摩擦系數是無量綱的，其值介于0和1之間。代表一種材料沿另一種材料的表面滑動或滾動所需的力的數字。如果一個物體的重量為N并且摩擦系數為μ，那么在沒有加速度的情況下沿水平表面移動它所需的力F為F=μN。靜摩擦系數決定了啟動運動所需的力；動摩擦系數決定了保持運動所需的力。動摩擦通常小于靜摩擦。兩個物體之間的力（F）與將這些物體壓在一起的法向力（N）的無量綱比：μ（或f）=（F/N）。 |
| Balance piston | 平衡活塞 |
(balance drum, dummy piston) A disc attached to the shaft of a turbine or compressor, to one side of which high or low pressure is applied to counteract the axial thrust produced by the pressure change across the machine. A form of thrust bearing. （平衡鼓，假活塞）連接在渦輪機或壓縮機軸上的圓盤，在其一側施加高壓或低壓，以抵消機器壓力變化產生的軸向推力。推力軸承的一種形式。 |
| Alpha iron | 阿爾法鐵 |
The body-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable below 910 °C (1670 °F). 純鐵的體心立方形式，在910°C(1670°F)以下穩定。 |
| Pre-stress | 預應力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或結構承受操作載荷之前，將應力引入部件或結構。 |
| Angle of torsion | 扭轉角 |
(angle of twist) (Unit ° or rad) The angle relative to a chosen section, normal to the axis of twist, through which another part of a component rotates when subjected to a torque. （扭轉角）（單位°或弧度）相對于選定截面的角度，垂直于扭轉軸，部件的另一部分在受到扭矩時通過該角度旋轉。 |
| Kilocalorie | 千卡 |
(Cal, kg-cal, kilogram-calorie, large calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 1 000 cal. （卡，千克卡，千克卡路里，大卡路里）一種已被淘汰的（即非國際單位制）能量單位，等于1000卡。 |
| Linear (tensile or compressive) strain | 線性（拉伸或壓縮）應變 |
The change per unit length due to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in length is considered positive. 由于原始線性尺寸中的力，每單位長度的變化。長度的增加被認為是正的。 |
| mechanical engineering | 機械工業 |
That branch of engineering concerned with energy conversion, stress analysis, vibration, dynamics, and kinematics, especially applied to design (machine design, mechanical-engineering design). 與能量轉換、應力分析、振動、動力學和運動學有關的工程分支，尤其適用于設計（機器設計、機械工程設計）。 |
| Fatigue | 疲勞 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料極限抗拉強度的重復或波動應力下導致斷裂的現象。疲勞失效通常發生在靜態施加的載荷下，不會產生明顯影響。疲勞斷裂是漸進性的，從在波動應力作用下生長的微小裂紋開始。在承受隨機或周期性變化載荷的部件和結構中，指強度逐漸降低，導致在低于單調載荷下導致失效的應力下發生失效的術語。可變負載由失衡的機械和其他振動源、陣風等引起，大部分故障是由疲勞引起的。疲勞是裂紋萌生和緩慢擴展的結果。在制造部件中，裂紋萌生通常發生在應力集中點。在一段時間（通常是數百萬次應力循環）后，裂紋達到臨界長度，此時下一個峰值載荷會導致突然脆性或韌性斷裂。疲勞產生的斷裂表面在緩慢裂紋擴展期間顯示出從裂紋萌生部位發出的特征條紋或進展標記，最終斷裂的表面外觀不同。 |
| GGas turbine | G燃氣輪機 |
An engine in which air, compressed by a multi-stage axial compressor and/or one or more centrifugal compressors, flows into a combustion chamber (or chambers) where fuel is burned and the hot gases then drive an axial turbine which powers the compressor. 由多級軸流壓縮機和/或一個或多個離心壓縮機壓縮的空氣流入燃燒室（或多個燃燒室），在燃燒室中燃燒燃料，然后熱氣體驅動軸流渦輪，為壓縮機提供動力。 |
| Fastener standard | 緊固件標準 |
A document which details the attributes of a finished fastener and includes such characteristics as geometry, material or chemistry, heat treatment, finish, testing lot size, and packaging. 詳細說明緊固件屬性的文件，包括幾何形狀、材料或化學、熱處理、表面處理、測試批量和包裝等特性。 |
| Bolt stress (Unit Pa) | 螺栓應力（單位Pa） |
The axial tensile stress induced in a bolt by tightening. 通過擰緊在螺栓中產生的軸向拉應力。 |
| Pressure-relief valve | 減壓閥 |
A valve that limits the maximum pressure in a pressure vessel or fluid-power system to a specified level. 將壓力容器或流體動力系統中的最大壓力限制在規定水平的閥門。 |
| Dilatometer | 膨脹計 |
An instrument for measuring length or volume changes in a solid during heating and subsequent cooling or isothermal holding. · An instrument for measuring the linear expansion or contraction in a metal resulting from changes in such factors as temperature and allotropy. 一種在加熱和隨后的冷卻或等溫保持過程中測量固體長度或體積變化，測量金屬因溫度和同素異形體等因素的變化而引起的線性膨脹或收縮的儀器。 |
| Grip length | 夾緊長度 |
Combined thickness of all the things clamped together by the bolt and nut, including washers, gaskets, and joint members. 由螺栓和螺母夾緊在一起的所有部件的總厚度，包括墊圈、墊圈和接頭構件。 |
| Design stress (Unit Pa) | 設計應力（單位Pa） |
The greatest allowable stress in a component or structure that will not result in failure under normal operating conditions. 在正常操作條件下不會導致失效的部件或結構中的最大許用應力。 |
| Bioengineering | 生物工程 |
(biological engineering) The application of engineering principles to biology, medicine, agriculture, etc. （生物工程）工程原理在生物學、醫學、農業等方面的應用。 |
| Regenerative pump | 渦流泵 |
?(regenerative turbine pump, peripheral pump) A pump with a double-sided impeller having a large number of radial blades. The pressure of the pumped liquid increases progressively over several revolutions of the impeller. It is? particularly suited to producing large heads at small flow rates without cavitation. （再生渦輪泵，外圍泵）具有具有大量徑向葉片的雙面葉輪的泵。泵送液體的壓力在葉輪的幾圈內逐漸增加。它特別適合于在小流速下產生大水頭且不產生氣穴。 |
| Shear joint | 剪切接頭 |
A joint which is subjected primarily to loads acting more or less perpendicular to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少垂直于螺栓軸線的載荷的接頭。 |
| Thermal compressor | 熱壓縮機 |
1. (thermocompressor) A jet compressor used to boost the pressure of low-pressure waste or exhaust steam. 2. A device consisting of an absorber, a generator, a pump, and a throttling device, used instead of a mechanical vapour compressor in an absorption-cooling refrigeration system. 1.（熱壓縮機）用于提升低壓廢蒸汽或排氣壓力的噴射壓縮機。2.一種由吸收器、發電機、泵和節流裝置組成的裝置，用于替代吸收冷卻制冷系統中的機械蒸汽壓縮機。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應，其中固溶體在冷卻時轉化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數量與系統中組分的數量相同。（2）具有平衡圖上共析點所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反應形成的混合固體成分的合金結構。 |
| Statistic | 統計 |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根據樣本中的觀察值計算得出的匯總值。 |
| Face | 表平面 |
To machine a flat surface perpendicular to the axis at rotation on a lathe. 在車床上加工一個垂直于旋轉軸的平面。 |
| Abrasion | 磨損 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通過硬質顆粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂紙、研磨清潔、研磨加工），也可以是操作的結果（磨損）。 |
| Relaxation rate | 松弛率 |
The absolute value of the slope of a stress-relaxation curve at a given time. 給定時間應力松弛曲線斜率的絕對值。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 熱容量（C）（單位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不發生相變的情況下將物體的溫度提高1K所需的能量。熱容量是一種廣泛的熱力學性質，取決于溫度和壓力。 |
| Circular pitch | 齒距 |
The distance from the center of one gear tooth to the center of the next gear tooth measured on the pitch line. 在節線上測量的從一個輪齒中心到下一個輪齒中心的距離。 |
| Notch strength | 缺口強度 |
The maximum load on a notched tensile-test specimen divided by the minimum cross-sectional area (the area at the root of the notch). Also known as notch tensile strength. 缺口拉伸試樣上的最大載荷除以最小橫截面積（缺口根部的面積）。也稱為缺口抗拉強度。 |
| Screw area (Unit m2) | 螺絲面積（單位m2） |
The area of a circle described by the tips of a propeller. 螺旋槳尖端所描述的圓的面積。 |
| Form of thread | 螺紋形式 |
The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. 一個螺距長度的螺紋在軸向平面中的輪廓。 |
| Specific heat capacity | 比熱容 |
The heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K. It is measured in J/(kg K). 將1千克物質的溫度升高1K所需的熱量。單位為J/（kg K）。 |
| Proof stress | 彈性極限應力 |
(1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads. （1）在材料中引起規定的小永久變形的應力。（2）施加在構件或結構上的規定應力，以表明其承受工作荷載的能力。 |
| Rosette | 玫瑰形的結 |
Strain gages arranged to indicate, at a single position, strain in three different directions. 應變計布置成在單個位置指示三個不同方向的應變。 |
| Latent heat | 潛熱 |
Thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a phase change. 物質發生相變時吸收或釋放的熱能。 |
| Microindentation hardness test | 顯微壓痕硬度測試 |
Hardness test using a calibrated machine to force a diamond indenter of specific geometry, under a test load of 1 to 1000 gramforce, into the surface of the test material and to measure the diagonal or diagonals of the indentation optically. 使用校準機器進行硬度試驗，以在1至1000克力的試驗載荷下，將特定幾何形狀的金剛石壓頭壓入試驗材料表面，并光學測量壓痕的對角線。 |
| Brittle lacquer coating | 脆性漆涂層 |
A lacquer that, when painted on to an unloaded body, reveals the direction of maximum tension stresses from the pattern of cracking produced in the lacquer when the body is loaded. 一種漆，當涂在未加載的車身上時，從車身加載時在漆中產生的裂紋圖案中顯示出最大拉應力的方向。 |
| Blue annealing | 藍色退火 |
Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental. 在開放式爐中將熱軋鐵板加熱到轉變范圍內的溫度，然后在空氣中冷卻，以軟化金屬。在表面上形成藍色氧化物是偶然的。 |
| Concentrated load | 集中負荷 |
A load on a component which is distributed over a very small area, idealized as the line load of a wedge or knife edge, and the point load of a cone. 分布在非常小的區域上的部件上的載荷，理想化為楔形或刀刃的線載荷和錐體的點載荷。 |
| Prevailing torque | 有效扭矩 |
Torque required to run a nut down against the joint when some obstruction, such as a plastic insert in the threads, or a noncircular thread, or other, has been introduced to help the fastener resist vibration loosening. Prevailing torque, unlike normal torque on a nut or bolt, is not proportional to the Preload in the fastener. 當引入了一些障礙物（如螺紋中的塑料插件或非圓螺紋或其他障礙物）以幫助緊固件抵抗振動松動時，將螺母向下壓靠接頭所需的扭矩。與螺母或螺栓上的正常扭矩不同，主要扭矩與緊固件中的預載不成比例。 |
| Tear strength (Unit N/m) | 撕裂強度（單位：N/m） |
The tensile force divided by the sheet thickness required to tear a pre-split sheet material at a specified rate. Particularly used for plastics, rubber, fabrics, and elastomers. Since the units are not those of stress but equivalent to J/m2, the units of toughness, the term ‘strength’ is strictly incorrect. 按規定速率撕裂預裂片材所需的張力除以片材厚度。特別用于塑料、橡膠、織物和彈性體。由于單位不是應力單位，而是相當于J/m2，韌性單位，“強度”一詞是完全錯誤的。 |
| Absolute value error | 絕對值誤差 |
The magnitude of the error dlsregarding the algebraic sign, or, for a vectorial error, disregarding its function. 關于代數符號的誤差幅度，或者，對于矢量誤差，不考慮其函數。 |
| Dynamic load (Unit N) | 動態負載（單位N） |
1. Loading of a component or structure by a moving object whose point of application changes with time, e.g. the live load of a train passing over a bridge. 2. A load applied to a particular part of a component or structure in a short time interval. 1. 應用點隨時間變化的移動物體對部件或結構的加載，例如通過橋梁的火車的活荷載。2. 在短時間內施加到部件或結構的特定部分的載荷。 |
| Velocity ratio | 速度比 |
1. The ratio between the input velocity to a machine, train of gears, etc. and the output velocity. 2. The ratio between the displacement of an applied force at one part of a mechanism and the movement of the load at a different part. 1.機器、齒輪系等的輸入速度與輸出速度之間的比率。2.在機構的一個部分處施加的力的位移與在不同部分處的載荷的移動之間的比率。 |
| Altitude | 高度 |
(Unit m) Vertical height measured relative to a specified datum such as sea level. （單位m）相對于特定基準（例如海平面）測量的垂直高度。 |
| Batch | 一批 |
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform. A batch is usually smaller than a lot. 在被認為是均勻的條件下生產的一定數量的某些產品或材料。批次通常小于很多。 |
| Cavitation tunnel | 空泡試驗筒 |
A closed-circuit recirculating water tunnel in which the static pressure can be reduced to sufficiently low levels for cavitation studies to be performed. 一種閉路循環水隧洞，其中靜壓可降至足夠低的水平，以便進行氣蝕研究。 |
| Screw pair | 螺旋副 |
Two links connected together to form a kinematic pair, in which the contacting surfaces are screw threads, so that their relative motion consists of rotation and sliding. 兩個連桿連接在一起形成運動副，其中接觸面為螺紋，因此它們的相對運動包括旋轉和滑動。 |
| Cellular materials | 蜂窩材料 |
There are three broad classes of materials that have a sponge-like structure containing many small closed or open (interlinked) pores or cells. Natural cellular materials include bone, cork, sponge, and wood, and have numerous well-known uses. Wide ranges of cellular plastics are produced using blowing or foaming agents, such as air, ammonium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc., to create pores during the processing of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. Rigid foams have moderate compressive strength and can be moulded and machined. 有三大類材料具有海綿狀結構，包含許多小的封閉或開放（互連）孔或細胞。天然多孔材料包括骨骼、軟木、海綿和木材，有許多眾所周知的用途。使用發泡劑或發泡劑（如空氣、碳酸銨、碳酸氫鈉等）生產各種泡沫塑料，以在熱塑性或熱固性聚合物加工過程中產生孔隙。硬質泡沫具有中等抗壓強度，可模制和機加工。 |
| Acoustic power | 聲功率 |
(sound power) (Unit W) The rate of flow of acoustic energy across a specified surface. （聲功率）（單位W）聲能流過指定表面的速率。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 轉變溫度（單位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定義的溫度，位于金屬斷裂特性（通常通過缺口試樣的試驗確定）快速變化的溫度范圍內，如從主要纖維（剪切）斷裂到主要結晶（解理）斷裂。（2） 有時用于表示延性隨溫度快速變化的范圍內的任意定義的溫度。（轉變點）1.具有面心立方晶體結構的金屬合金的斷裂機制從韌性孔洞生長轉變為脆性解理的溫度。2.材料從一種晶體狀態轉變為另一種晶體的溫度。 |
| Planar anisotropy | 平面異向性 |
A variation in physical and/or mechanical properties with respect to direction within the plane of material in sheet form. 在片狀材料平面內，物理和/或機械性能相對于方向的變化。 |
| Mechanical alloying | 機械合金化 |
Production of alloys from powders by consolidation, e.g. hotpressing or extrusion, followed by hot and/or cold working and final annealing. Materials such as dispersion-strengthened alloys, high-temperature aluminium alloys, and amorphous alloys can be made in this way. 通過固結（例如熱壓或擠壓）從粉末生產合金，然后進行熱和/或冷加工和最終退火。用這種方法可以制造彌散強化合金、高溫鋁合金和非晶合金等材料。 |
| Columnar structure | 柱狀結構 |
A coarse structure of parallel elongated grains formed by unidirectional growth, most often observed in castings, but sometimes in structures resulting from diffusional growth accompanied by a solid-state transformation. 由單向生長形成的平行細長晶粒的粗略結構，最常見于鑄件中，但有時也出現在伴隨固態轉變的擴散生長產生的結構中。 |
| Self-locking nut | 自鎖螺母 |
A nut with an inherent locking action which minimizes loosening due to vibration. A self-locking screw locks itself in place without the need for a separate selflocking nut or lock washer. 一種具有固有鎖定作用的螺母，可將振動引起的松動降至最低。自鎖螺釘將自身鎖定到位，無需單獨的自鎖工件或鎖緊墊圈。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（單位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有單個主旋翼的直升機中，機身沿與旋翼相反的方向旋轉的趨勢。 |
| Sinter (sintering) | 燒結 |
A solid-state diffusion densification process for the production of objects, particularly porous objects, from raw material in powder, granular, mesh, perforatedsheet, or fibre form by heating to a temperature below the melting point until the constituents bond together. It is used for ceramic materials and metals. Applications of sintered materials include filtration, separation, flow control, fluidization, and noise reduction. The bonding of adjacent surfaces in a mass of particles by molecular or atomic attraction on heating at high temperatures below the melting temperature of any constituent in the material. Sintering strengthens a powder mass and normally produces densification and, in powdered metals, recrystallization. 一種固態擴散致密化工藝，用于從粉末、粒狀、網狀、穿孔片或纖維形式的原材料中生產物體，尤其是多孔物體，方法是加熱至低于熔點的溫度，直到成分結合在一起。它用于陶瓷材料和金屬。燒結材料的應用包括過濾、分離、流量控制、流化和降噪。在低于材料中任何成分熔化溫度的高溫下加熱時，通過分子或原子引力將大量顆粒的相鄰表面結合起來。燒結增強了粉末質量，通常會產生致密化，在粉末金屬中還會產生再結晶。 |
| Shell hardening | 殼型硬化 |
A surface-hardening process in which a suitable steel workpiece, when heated through and quench hardened, develops a martensitic layer or shell that closely follows the contour of the piece and surrounds a core of essentially pearlitic transformation product. This result is accomplished by a proper balance among section size, steel hardenability, and severity of quench. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，合適的鋼工件在加熱和淬火硬化后，會形成一層馬氏體層或殼，該層或殼緊隨工件的輪廓，并包圍一個基本上為珠光體相變產物的核心。這一結果通過截面尺寸、鋼淬透性和淬火強度之間的適當平衡來實現。 |
| Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) | 應力腐蝕開裂（SCC） |
A common form of Stress cracking in which an Electrolyte encourages the growth of a crack in a highly stressed bolt. Only a tiny quantity of electrolyte need be present, at the tip or face of the crack. A time-dependent process in which a metallurgically susceptible material fractures prematurely under conditions of simultaneous corrosion and sustained loading at lower stress levels than would be required in the absence of a corrosive environment. Tensile stress is required at the metal surface and may be a residual stress resulting from heat treatment or fabrication of the metal or the result of external loading. Cracking may be intergranular or transgranular, depending on the combination of alloy and environment. 一種常見的應力開裂形式，其中電解液促使高應力螺栓中的裂紋擴展。在裂紋尖端或表面，只需存在少量電解質。一種隨時間變化的過程，其中冶金敏感材料在同時腐蝕和持續加載的條件下過早斷裂，其應力水平低于無腐蝕環境時的要求。在金屬表面需要拉應力，拉應力可以是金屬的熱處理或制造或外部負載產生的殘余應力。裂紋可能是沿晶開裂或穿晶開裂，這取決于合金和環境的組合。 |
| Screw extractor | 螺釘拔 |
A device for removing broken-off screws from threaded holes. It resembles a drill with, for broken right-hand threads, a fast (long-pitch) left-hand thread that is driven into a hole drilled in the broken screw, thus untwisting it. 從螺紋孔中去除斷裂螺釘的裝置。它類似于一個鉆頭，對于斷裂的右螺紋，一個快速（長螺距）的左螺紋被打入在斷裂螺釘上鉆的孔中，從而將其松開。 |
| Arbitration bar | 抗彎試棒 |
A test bar, cast with a heat of material, used to determine chemical composition, hardness, tensile strength, and deflection and strength under transverse loading in order to establish the state of acceptability of the casting. 用熱材料鑄造的測試棒，用于確定化學成分、硬度、抗拉強度、橫向載荷下的撓度和強度，以確定鑄件的可接受狀態。 |
| Alternative energy | 可替代能源 |
(alternate energy) Energy sources that are renewable and do not have the undesired consequences of fossil fuels and nuclear energy. （替代能源）可再生能源，不會產生化石燃料和核能的不良后果。 |
| Torque multiplier | 扭矩放大器 |
A gearbox used to multiply the torque produced by a small hand wrench (usually a Torque wrench). The output of the multiplier drives the nut or bolt with a torque that is higher, and a speed that is lower, than input torque and speed. There is no torque gage or readout on the multiplier. 一種齒輪箱，用于增加小手動扳手（通常是扭矩扳手）產生的扭矩。倍增器的輸出以比輸入扭矩和速度更高的扭矩和更低的速度驅動螺母或螺栓。倍增器上沒有扭矩計或讀數。 |
| Dynamic compressor | 動態壓縮器 |
A machine, such as a centrifugal or axial compressor, that compresses a gas by rotational rather than reciprocating motion. 一種機器，例如離心式或軸流式壓縮機，通過旋轉而不是往復運動來壓縮氣體。 |
| Contact strength (Unit N) | 接觸強度（單位N） |
The maximum allowable load between contacting bodies converted into a stress. 換算成應力的接觸體之間的最大允許載荷。 |
| Air-cooled condenser | 風冷冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger, in which the cooling medium is air, used to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine, the condensate being returned to the boiler. 一種熱交換器，其中冷卻介質為空氣，用于冷凝蒸汽輪機排出的蒸汽，冷凝水返回鍋爐。 |
| Air-cooled engine | 風冷發動機 |
An internal-combustion engine directly cooled by airflow, rather than by water flowing through the engine block being cooled by a radiator. 一種由氣流直接冷卻的內燃機，而不是通過流經發動機缸體的水被散熱器冷卻。 |
| Half nut | 半螺母 |
A mechanism attached to the apron of a lathe and operated by a lever. The lever opens and closes a nut that has been split lengthwise so that the two halves of the nut can be closed upon the lead screw when threads are being cut. Also called Split Nut. 固定在車床裙板上并由杠桿操作的機械裝置，杠桿打開和關閉縱向分開的螺母，以便在切割螺紋時，螺母的兩半可以在絲杠上閉合。也稱為剖分螺母。 |
| Free joint | 萬向節 |
The joint on a robot arm and wrist that causes the greatest end-effector movement when a specified force is applied to the end effector, i.e. that has the lowest stiffness with regard to the force. 機器人手臂和手腕上的關節，當指定的力施加到末端執行器時，會導致末端執行器的最大運動，即相對于力具有最低剛度。 |
| Thermoelectric converter | 熱電轉換器 |
(thermoelectric generator) A device consisting of series-connected alternate n- and p-type semiconductor elements sandwiched between two ceramic plates. Due to the Seebeck effect, electrical power is generated when a temperature difference is maintained across the plates. Due to the Peltier effect, a thermoelectric converter can act as either a thermoelectric heater or a thermoelectric cooler (thermoelectric refrigerator) by passing an electrical current through it. The thermoelectric figure of merit (Z), with unit 1/K, is a dimensional parameter on which the efficiency of a thermoelectric device is primarily dependent, defined by Z = σα2/k where α is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, and k is the thermal conductivity. The product of Z and a temperature is non-dimensional. （熱電發生器）由串聯連接的交替的n型和p型半導體元件夾在兩塊陶瓷板之間組成的裝置。由于塞貝克效應，當板之間保持溫差時，就會產生電能。由于珀爾帖效應，熱電轉換器可以通過使電流通過而充當熱電加熱器或熱電冷卻器（熱電制冷機）。熱電優值（Z）和第一單元/K是一個尺寸參數，熱電裝置的效率主要取決于此，由Z=σα2/K定義，其中α是塞貝克系數，σ是電導率，K是熱導率。Z和溫度的乘積是無量綱的。 |
| Total carbon | 總碳 |
The sum of the free and combined carbon (including carbon in solution) in a ferrous alloy. 鐵合金中游離碳和結合碳（包括溶液中的碳）的總和。 |
| Composite property | 復合屬性 |
In thermodynamics, a property defined in terms of the properties of a closed system and its surroundings, such as the non-flow exergy function. 在熱力學中，根據封閉系統及其周圍環境的性質定義的性質，例如非流動火用函數。 |
| Fin | 翼 |
A thin projecting rib. 一根細長的凸肋。 |
| Altitude chamber | 高空艙 |
(hypobaric chamber) A chamber in which conditions at different altitudes are simulated by a combination of appropriate pressures, temperatures and relative humidity. （低壓艙）通過適當的壓力、溫度和相對濕度的組合來模擬不同高度條件的艙室。 |
| Edge distance ratio | 邊距比 |
The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 軸承測試中邊緣距離與銷直徑的比值。 |
| Rated flow (Unit m3/s or kg/s) | 額定流量（單位：m3/s或kg/s） |
In a hydraulic system or machine, the volume or mass flow rate a manufacturer specifies for a component as the maximum desirable for it to function as designed. 在液壓系統或機器中，制造商為部件指定的體積或質量流量是其按設計運行所需的最大值。 |
| Radioactive heat (Unit J) | 放射性熱（單位J） |
Thermal energy released from the nucleus of an atom such as uranium235 by fission due to the absorption of a neutron. Heat is also produced by radioactive decay. 鈾235等原子核因吸收中子而裂變釋放的熱能。放射性衰變也會產生熱量。 |
| Compressive stress | 壓縮應力 |
A stress that causes an elastic body to deform (shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile stress. 使彈性體沿施加載荷方向變形（縮短）的應力。與拉應力對比。 |
| Threaded fastener | 螺紋緊固件 |
Studs, bolts, and screws of all sorts, with associated nuts. One of the most interesting, complex, useful—and frustrating—components yet devised. 各種螺柱、螺栓和螺釘，以及相關的螺母。 |
| Stress-strain diagram | 應力-應變圖 |
A graph in which corresponding values of stress and strain are plotted against each other. Values of stress are usually plotted vertically(ordinates or y-axis) and values of strain horizontally (abscissas or xaxis). Also known as deformation curve and stress-strain curve. 對應的應力和應變值相對繪制的圖表。應力值通常垂直繪制（縱坐標或y軸），應變值水平繪制（橫坐標或X軸）。也稱為變形曲線和應力-應變曲線。 |
| Thermochemical treatment | 熱化學處理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a medium suitably chosen to produce a change in the chemical composition of the object by exchange with the medium. 在適當選擇的介質中進行熱處理，以通過與介質交換產生物體化學成分的變化。 |
| Core | 核心 |
In a ferrous alloy prepared for case hardening, that portion of the alloy that is not part of the case . Typically considered to be the portion that (a) appears light on an etched cross section, (b) has an essentially unaltered chemical composition, or (c) has a hardness, after hardening, less than a specified value. 在為表面硬化而制備的鐵合金中，合金中不屬于表面的那部分。通常被認為是（a）在蝕刻橫截面上看起來很輕，（b）化學成分基本不變，或（c）硬化后硬度低于規定值的那部分。 |
| Friction loss (Unit J) | 摩擦損失（單位J） |
The conversion of mechanical energy to heat due to friction within a machine, mechanism, linkage, etc. 由于機器、機構、連桿等內部的摩擦而將機械能轉化為熱能。 |
| Shear strength (Unit Pa) | 抗剪強度（單位Pa） |
The maximum shear stress that can be withstood by a material either (a) before plasticity occurs or (b) before rupture. 材料在（a）塑性發生之前或（b）斷裂之前能夠承受的最大剪切應力。 |
| Furnace | 爐 |
1. A type of combustion chamber in which solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels are burned to supply hot gases to a boiler or other process plant. Examples include the firebox, boiler furnace (steam-generating furnace), hot-air furnace, oil-fired furnace, updraught furnace, and water-cooled furnace. 2. A chamber, sometimes having a controlled atmosphere or under vacuum (vacuum furnace), for heating and melting materials. Examples include the blast furnace, direct- and indirect-arc furnaces, the induction furnace (high-frequency furnace), muffle furnace, reverberatory furnace, and solar furnace. 1.一種燃燒室，其中燃燒固體、液體或氣體燃料以向鍋爐或其他工藝設備供應熱氣。示例包括燃燒室、鍋爐爐（蒸汽發生爐）、熱風爐、燃油爐、上升氣流爐和水冷爐。2.用于加熱和熔化材料的腔室，有時具有受控氣氛或真空（真空爐）。例如高爐、直接和間接電弧爐、感應爐（高頻爐）、馬弗爐、反射爐和太陽能爐。 |
| Butterfly valve | 蝶閥 |
A valve in which a disc rotates on a shaft at right angles to the axis of a pipe to regulate flow. When open, the disc is edge-on to the flow and offers limited resistance. When closed, the disc is pressed against a seat in the valve body. 閥瓣在與管道軸線成直角的軸上旋轉以調節流量的閥門。當打開時，圓盤與水流邊緣并提供有限的阻力。關閉時，閥瓣被壓在閥體內的閥座上。 |
| Fastener specification | 緊固件規格 |
A precise statement of set requirements to be satisfied by a fastener, its material, or its processing. It also indicates the procedure used to determine whether the requirements given are satisfied. 對緊固件、其材料或加工過程要滿足的設定要求的精確陳述。它還指出了用于確定是否滿足給定要求的程序。 |
| Shoulder bolt | 軸肩螺栓 |
A bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一種螺栓，其螺紋和頭部之間的無螺紋圓柱段的直徑大于螺紋段的直徑，精確加工至長度和直徑并硬化 |
| Computer-aided manufacturing | 計算機輔助制造 |
(CAM, computer-integrated manufacturing, CIM) The use of computers in all branches of manufacturing, not only to control machines and robots for manufacturing and assembly, but also for process planning, and monitoring progress of materials and components during production, etc. （CAM，計算機集成制造，CIM）在制造的所有分支中使用計算機，不僅可以控制制造和組裝的機器和機器人，還可以進行工藝規劃，以及在生產過程中監控材料和組件的進度等。 |
| Torque control | 扭矩控制 |
A system of optimizing rotor speed for a variable-speed wind turbine by controlling the torque demands of the generator. 通過控制發電機的扭矩需求來優化變速風力渦輪機的轉子速度的系統。 |
| Shore hardness | 肖氏硬度 |
A measure of the hardness of materials such as elastomers, plastics, and rubbers determined using a Shore durometer which measures the penetration depth of a hardened steel rod (the indenter) 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter into the test material for a given force applied rapidly with a calibrated spring. There are two main indenter designs: type A (for softer materials) for which the end of the rod is a truncated 35° cone tapering to a diameter of 0.79 mm, and type D (harder materials) for which the end is a 30° cone with a 0.1 mm radius tip. The spring force is 8.05 N for type A and 44.45 N for type D. The hardness value is related to the penetration depth (limited to a maximum of 2.5 mm) such that for zero penetration the hardness is 100 and for maximum penetration the hardness is zero. The relevant standards are ISO 48-1, 48-4, and 48-7. Shore hardness values of selected materials are as follows: ABS 100, cellulose acetate 50–95, high-density polyethylene 60–70, low density polyethylene 40–50, polymethylmethacrylate 90–99, PTFE 50–65, and plasticized PVC 15–70. 使用肖氏硬度計測量彈性體、塑料和橡膠等材料的硬度，肖氏硬度儀測量直徑為1.1–1.4mm的硬化鋼棒（壓頭）在用校準彈簧快速施加的給定力下滲入試驗材料的深度。有兩種主要的壓頭設計：A型（適用于較軟的材料），其桿端為截頭35°錐形，逐漸變細至直徑0.79 mm；D型（較硬的材料），端部為30°錐形，尖端半徑為0.1mm。A型的彈簧力為8.05N，D型為44.45N。硬度值與滲透深度相關（最大限制為2.5mm），因此，對于零滲透，硬度為100，對于最大滲透，硬度是零。相關標準為ISO 48-1、48-4和48-7。所選材料的肖氏硬度值如下：ABS100、醋酸纖維素50-95、高密度聚乙烯60-70、低密度聚乙烯40-50、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯90-99、PTFE50-65和塑化PVC15-70。 |
| ASME | ASME |
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 美國機械工程師學會。 |
| Martempering | 淬火 |
(1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous workpiece is quenched into an appropriate medium whose temperature is maintained substantially at the Ms?of the workpiece, held in the medium until its temperature is uniform throughout–but not long enough to permit bainite to form–and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the controlling Ms?temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process is frequently called marquenching. （1）一種淬火工藝，將奧氏體化鐵質工件淬火到適當的介質中，該介質的溫度基本保持在工件的Ms，保持在該介質中直到其溫度在整個過程中均勻，但不足以形成貝氏體，然后在空氣中冷卻。處理后經常進行回火。（2） 當該工藝應用于滲碳材料時，控制Ms溫度與實際情況相同。這個過程的變化經常被稱為淬火。 |
| Atomization | 霧化 |
The production of a spray of fine droplets from a liquid, such as diesel oil or petrol, by injection through a nozzle (an atomizer). 通過噴嘴（霧化器）噴射從液體（例如柴油或汽油）中產生細小液滴噴霧。 |
| Delamination | 分層 |
A mode of failure of composite materials, including radial-ply tyres, in which the layers separate due to repeated cyclic loading, impact, or weak bonding. 復合材料的一種失效模式，包括子午線輪胎，其中層由于重復的循環載荷、沖擊或弱粘合而分離。 |
| Uniform elongation | 均勻伸長 |
The elongation at maximum load and immediately preceding the onset of necking in a tension test. 在拉伸試驗中，在最大載荷下和頸縮開始之前的伸長率。 |
| Refractory materials | 耐火材料 |
Metals or ceramics that do not melt when exposed to temperature above about 1 500°C or deteriorate rapidly in a continuous temperature above about 550°C. 當暴露于高于約1500°C的溫度時不熔化或在高于約550°C的連續溫度下快速劣化的金屬或陶瓷。 |
| Outside diameter (Unit m) | 外徑（單位：m） |
(external diameter, OD) The diameter of a circular cylindrical tube or a sphere measured between opposite points on the external surface. （外徑，OD）在外表面上的相對點之間測量的圓柱管或球體的直徑。 |
| Cap nut | 蓋型螺母 |
A nut with a blind threaded hole, for example a dome nut to cover the end of a bolt. 帶有盲螺紋孔的螺母，例如用于覆蓋螺栓末端的圓頂螺母。 |
| Microscopic stresses | 微觀應力 |
Residual stresses that vary from tension to compression in a distance (presumably approximating the grain size) that is small compared with the gage length in ordinary strain measurements. They are not detectable by dissection methods, but can sometimes be measured from line shift or line broadening in an x-ray diffraction pattern. 與普通應變測量中的標距相比，從拉伸到壓縮的距離（大概接近晶粒尺寸）較小的殘余應力。它們無法通過解剖方法檢測到，但有時可以通過x射線衍射圖案中的線位移或線加寬來測量。 |
| Mole (mol) | 摩爾（mol） |
The base unit of the amount of substance in the SI system. It was previously defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined as the amount of substance containing exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023?elementary entities. SI國際單位制中物質量的基本單位。此前，它被定義為一個系統中的物質量，該系統包含的基本實體數量與0.012千克碳-12中的原子數量相同。從2019年5月20日起，它已被定義為包含6.02214076×1023個基本實體的物質量。 |
| Crest | 波峰 |
The highest point of a wave or of a screw thread. 波浪或螺紋的最高點。 |
| Maraging steels | 馬氏體時效鋼 |
Very high-strength iron alloys named after ‘martensitic’ and ‘aging’. They contain nickel, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, and form martensite on air cooling with a strength of about 1 GPa. When reheated to about 500°C and aged for some hours, a room-temperature strength of some 2.4 GPa is reached. 以“馬氏體”和“時效”命名的超高強度鐵合金。它們含有鎳、鉻、鈷和鉬，在空氣冷卻下形成強度約為1GPa的馬氏體。當再加熱至約500°C并老化數小時時，室溫強度達到約2.4GPa。 |
| Forging | 鍛造處理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 將生鋼制成特定形狀的過程。鍛造產品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夾和障礙銷。 1. 一種通過手工或機器錘擊金屬（落鍛、壓力機）制造部件的方法。2.通過鍛造工藝制成的零件。 |
| Ultrasonic method | 超聲波法 |
Measuring elongation uses a sound pulse, generated at one end of a bolt, that travels the length of a bolt, bounces off the far end, and returns to the sound generator in a measured period of time. 測量伸長使用在螺栓一端產生的聲音脈沖，該脈沖沿螺栓長度傳播，從遠端反彈，并在測量的時間段內返回到聲音發生器。 |
| Slant fracture | 傾斜裂縫 |
A type of fracture appearance, typical of plane-stress fractures, in which the plane of metal separation is inclined at an angle (usually about 45°) to the axis of the applied stress. 一種斷裂現象，典型的平面應力斷裂，其中金屬分離面與施加應力的軸成一定角度（通常約45°）傾斜。 |
| Wear | 磨損 |
Damage to a solid surface, generally involving progressive loss of material, due to relative motion between that surface and a contacting surface or substance. The deterioration of a component or structure with time and usage, often impairing the function for which it was designed, owing to abrasion, corrosion, fatigue, friction, etc. during relative motion of parts. The wear factor (K), with unit mm3/N.m, is an empirical dimensional factor that quantifies surface wear due to mechanical frictional contact, and defined by K = /Fs where is the worn volume (in mm3), F is the contact load (in N), and s is the sliding distance (in m). 由于固體表面與接觸表面或物質之間的相對運動，對固體表面的損壞，通常涉及材料的漸進損失。部件或結構隨時間和使用而劣化，通常由于部件相對運動過程中的磨損、腐蝕、疲勞、摩擦等而損害其設計功能。磨損系數（K），單位為mm3/N.m、 是量化機械摩擦接觸導致的表面磨損的經驗尺寸因子，由K=/Fs定義，其中是磨損體積（單位：mm3），F是接觸載荷（單位：N），s是滑動距離（單位：m）。 |
| Steel-wire rope | 鋼絲繩 |
A rope or cable made up of many steel strands wrapped helically about an axis, each strand being made of metal wires twisted together like a helix. 一種繩索或纜繩，由許多繞軸螺旋纏繞的鋼絞線組成，每根鋼絞線由金屬絲纏繞在一起形成螺旋。 |
| Thermal analysis | 熱分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一種通過記錄發生熱阻的溫度來確定金屬轉變的方法。這些阻力表現為繪制或機械追蹤的加熱和冷卻曲線斜率的變化。當這些數據在加熱和冷卻的近似平衡條件下得到保證時，該方法通常用于確定構建平衡圖所需的某些臨界溫度。 |
| Taper key | 楔鍵 |
A key with parallel sides but tapering cross section along its length. 邊平行但橫截面沿其長度逐漸變細的鍵。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 當處于靜止狀態的受限流體中任何一點的壓力發生變化時，流體體積中的每一點的變化都相等。 |
| Critical temperature ranges | 臨界溫度范圍 |
Synonymous with transformation ranges, which is the preferred term. 與轉換范圍同義，這是首選術語。 |
| Cap | 帽 |
A cover, often in the form of a short cylinder, one end of which is closed. Typically used to close an orifice or pipe end, on to which it can be pushed, welded, screwed, or attached with fasteners. 一種蓋子，通常為短圓柱體，一端封閉。通常用于封閉孔口或管端，可將其推入、焊接、擰緊或用緊固件連接到其上。 |
| Scragging machine | 刮擦機 |
1. A machine to test springs by impulsive loading 2. A machine to increase the service life of coil springs by compressing them to their minimum solid length before use, thereby inducing favourable residual stresses. 1.一種通過沖擊載荷測試彈簧的機器2.一種在使用前將螺旋彈簧壓縮至其最小實心長度以提高其使用壽命的機器，從而產生有利的殘余應力。 |
| Spherical washer | 球面墊圈 |
A washer whose upper surface is semispherical. Used with a nut whose contact face is also semispherical. Reduces bending stress in a bolt or stud, by allowing some self-alignment and some compensation for nonparallel joint surfaces or Angularity. 上表面為半球形的墊圈。與接觸面也是半球形的螺母一起使用。減少螺栓或螺柱中的彎曲應力，允許一些自對準，并對不平行的接頭表面或角度進行一些補償。 |
| Spinner | 旋轉器 |
A co-axial streamlined fairing enclosing the hub of a propeller and rotating with it. 一種同軸流線型整流罩，包圍螺旋槳轂并隨其旋轉。 |
| Knoop hardness test | 努氏硬度試驗 |
An indentation-hardness test using calibrated machines to force a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter having specified edge angles, under specified conditions, into the surface of the material under test and to measure the long diagonal after removal of the load. An indentation hardness test in which the indenter is an elongated diamond pyramid that gives an impression in the form of a parallelogram, in which the longer diagonal is about seven times the shorter. Used for studies of anisotropy in solid materials. 使用校準機器進行的一種壓痕硬度試驗，在規定條件下，將具有規定邊緣角的菱形棱錐金剛石壓頭壓入受試材料表面，并在移除荷載后測量長對角線。其中壓頭是一個細長的菱形棱錐，以平行四邊形的形式給出壓痕，其中較長的對角線約為較短的七倍。用于研究固體材料的各向異性。 |
| Slack quenching | 欠速淬火 |
The incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite. 由于從奧氏體化溫度以低于特定鋼臨界冷卻速度的速度淬火而導致鋼的不完全硬化，導致除馬氏體外還形成一種或多種相變產物。 |
| Rpm (N) | 轉速（N） |
An abbreviation for revolutions per minute. It is a widely used non-SI unit for rotational speed. The corresponding angular velocity ω in rad/s is given by πN/30. Rps (revolutions per second) is also used, the angular velocity then being 2πN. 每分鐘轉數的縮寫。它是一種廣泛使用的轉速非SI單位。相應的角速度ω，單位為rad/s，由πN/30給出。還使用Rps（每秒轉數），此時角速度為2πN。 |
| Chain | 鏈 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列連接的鏈接，通常是鋼制的。對于提升、拉動、固定等，每個鏈節都是一個閉合環，通常呈環形。對于動力傳輸，鏈節設計為與鏈輪的齒嚙合。與皮帶傳動相比，鏈傳動往往用于高扭矩應用。 |
| Breaks | 斷裂 |
Creases or ridges usually in “untempered” or in aged material where the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the origin of the break, it may be termed a cross break, a coil break, an edge break, or a sticker break. 通常在“未回火”或超過屈服點的老化材料中出現折痕或隆起。根據斷裂的起源，它可能被稱為交叉斷裂、線圈斷裂、邊緣斷裂或貼紙斷裂。 |
| Carburizing | 滲碳 |
Absorption and diffusion of carbon into solid ferrous alloys by heating, to a temperature usually above Ac3, in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material. A form of case hardening that produces a carbon gradient extending inward from the surface, enabling the surface layer to be hardened either by quenching directly from the carburizing temperature or by cooling to room temperature, then reaustenitizing and quenching. 通過與合適的含碳材料接觸加熱至通常高于Ac3的溫度，將碳吸收和擴散到固體鐵合金中。一種表面硬化形式，產生從表面向內延伸的碳梯度，通過直接從滲碳溫度淬火或冷卻至室溫，然后重新奧氏體化和淬火，使表層硬化。 |
| Ventilation | 通風系統 |
A system for circulating fresh air in a room, building, passenger vehicle, orother enclosed space. 在房間、建筑物、乘用車或其他封閉空間中循環新鮮空氣的系統。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋轉軸的方向上起作用或移動。 |
| Degree (°) | 度數（°） |
A measure of plane angle such that 1° is 1/360 of a complete revolution and equal to π/180 rad. 平面角度的一種度量，使得1°是一整圈的1/360，等于π/180弧度。 |
| Counter sink | 臺面水槽 |
To cut or shape a depression in an object so that the head of a screw may set flush or below the surface. 在物體上切割或塑造一個凹陷，使螺釘的頭部可以齊平或低于表面。 |
| Shear strain rate(Unit 1/s) | 剪切應變率（單位1/s） |
In the deformation of solids, the rate at which shear strain is applied in a test or changes with time in a loaded component or structure. 在固體變形中，在試驗中施加剪切應變的速率，或在加載部件或結構中隨時間變化的速率。 |
| PSI (pounds per square inch) | PSI（磅/平方英寸） |
Pressure measurement. Psia (pounds per square inch absolute) measures actual pressure with no allowance for atmospheric pressure. Psig (pounds per square inch gauge) measures pressure with the gauge set to zero (0) at atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia). In other words psig = psia – 14.7. 壓力測量。Psia（絕對磅/平方英寸）測量實際壓力，不考慮大氣壓力。Psig（磅/平方英寸表壓）在大氣壓（14.7 psia）下，將表壓設置為零（0）時測量壓力。換句話說，psig=psia–14.7。 |
| Toothed gearing | 齒輪傳動 |
In principle, friction between circular discs in tangential contact could be used to transmit rotation and power between shafts, but the power level would be very limited and the velocity ratio affected by slip. To make the drive positive, gear wheels are used instead in which teeth extend above and below the diameters (the pitch-circle diameters) of discs in ideal rolling contact. The diagram shows the nomenclature for spur gears, the simplest type of gearing between parallel shafts, which are cylindrical in shape with straight teeth parallel to the axis of rotation. 原則上，切向接觸的圓盤之間的摩擦可用于在軸之間傳遞旋轉和動力，但動力水平非常有限，速比受滑動的影響。為了使驅動積極，使用齒輪代替，齒輪中的齒延伸到理想滾動接觸的圓盤直徑（節圓直徑）的上方和下方。該圖顯示了直齒輪的名稱，這是平行軸之間最簡單的齒輪傳動類型，其形狀為圓柱形，直齒平行于旋轉軸。 |
| Serrations | 鋸齒 |
A row of notches or tooth-like projections on an edge or surface. On an engineering drawing, serrations on the surface of a circular component are shown over about 60° of arc. 邊緣或表面上的一排凹口或齒狀突起。在工程圖紙上，圓形部件表面的鋸齒超過約60°的圓弧。 |
| Ion nitriding | 離子氮化 |
A method of surface hardening in which nitrogen ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma nitriding or glowdischarge nitriding. 一種表面硬化方法，其中氮離子通過使用高壓電能在真空中擴散到工件中。與等離子體氮化或輝光放電氮化同義。 |
| Maximum allowable working pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允許工作壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure on which the design of a pressure system is based and the highest pressure at which relief valves should be set. The lowest-rated component in the system typically has a design safety factor of 4. 壓力系統設計所依據的壓力和應設置安全閥的最高壓力。系統中最低額定部件的設計安全系數通常為4。 |
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 熱力學壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流體中的壓力由狀態方程給出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流體密度，T是流體的絕對溫度。 |
| Freezing point | 冰點 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物質從液態變為固態的溫度。大多數物質的冰點隨著壓力的增加而增加。從固體到液體的逆過程是熔化；熔點與凝固點相同。 |
| Crosshead | 十字頭 |
1. A reciprocating member, sliding between guides, to which the piston rod is firmly attached on one side and to which the connecting rod is pinned on the other for the conversion of reciprocating into rotary motion. 2. The moveable beam in early designs of mechanical testing machines. 3. A screwhead having slots in a + shape that takes a mating screwdriver. 1.一種往復式構件，在導軌之間滑動，活塞桿一側固定在其上，連桿另一側固定在該構件上，用于將往復式運動轉換為旋轉運動。2.機械試驗機早期設計中的活動梁。3.一種螺釘頭，其具有采用配合螺絲刀的+形槽。 |
| Cavity radiator | 空腔輻射器 |
A heated chamber having a small hole through which radiation, approximating blackbody radiation, passes out. 具有小孔的加熱室，近似于黑體輻射的輻射通過該小孔傳遞出去。 |
| Gauge | 測量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于測量或檢查尺寸的儀器，包括可調節量規（例如千分尺）和不可調節量規（例如指示制造過程中組件允許的最大和最小尺寸的通過/不通過限制量規）。2. 常用于表示儀器的術語，例如壓力表。3.根據標準的線材直徑或片材厚度。4.鐵路軌道的鋼軌之間的距離。 |
| Elongation | 伸張率 |
A term used in mechanical testing to describe the amount of extension of a test piece when stressed. 機械測試中使用的術語，用于描述試樣在受力時的延伸量。 |
| Heat tinting | 熱著色 |
Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of the microstructure. 通過加熱氧化使金屬表面著色，以揭示微觀結構的細節。 |
| Hydraulics | 液壓系統 |
The study of water flow in open channels (including canals, rivers, etc.), water-supply, drainage, and irrigation systems. 研究明渠（包括運河、河流等）、供水、排水和灌溉系統中的水流。 |
| Salt-velocity meter | 鹽速計 |
A volume flow meter based on detecting the transit time for a small quantity of salt or radioactive isotope in a flow by measuring electrical conductivity or radiation level. 一種體積流量計，通過測量電導率或輻射水平來檢測流量中少量鹽或放射性同位素的渡越時間。 |
| Rated power (Unit kW or hp) | 額定功率（單位：千瓦或馬力） |
(rated capacity, rated horsepower) The maximum power output that can be sustained continuously for any power-producing machine or system, such as an engine or a power plant. （額定容量、額定馬力）任何發電機器或系統（如發動機或發電廠）可連續維持的最大功率輸出。 |
| Vice | 老虎鉗 |
A workshop tool used to hold a workpiece and consisting of two jaws, one fixed and the other moved by turning a screw. 一種用于夾持工件的車間工具，由兩個鉗口組成，一個固定，另一個通過轉動螺釘移動。 |
| Degradation failure | 退化失效 |
Failure of a system, component, or structure owing to material degradation. 由于材料退化導致的系統、組件或結構失效。 |
| Engineering strain (e) | 工程應變（e） |
A term sometimes used for average linear strain or conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true strain. In tension testing it is calculated by dividing the change in the gage length by the original gage length. 一個術語，有時用于平均線性應變或常規應變，以便將其與真實應變區分開來。在張力測試中，通過將標距變化除以原始標距來計算。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反躍式硬度試驗 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校準儀器的動態壓痕硬度測試，該儀器將金剛石錘從固定高度落在被測材料表面上。錘的回彈高度是材料硬度的一種度量。也稱為肖氏硬度測試。 |
| T-bolt | T型螺栓 |
A threaded bolt having a square or rectangular end which fits into the T slot of a machine table for clamping workpieces. 一種帶有方形或矩形端頭的螺栓，可嵌入機床工作臺的T形槽中，用于夾緊工件。 |
| Dead centre | 止點 |
The point at which, in a crank mechanism, the piston connecting rod and crank are all in line so that there can be no driving moment. 在曲柄機構中，活塞連桿和曲柄都在一條線上，因此不會有驅動力矩。 |
| Embedment | 嵌入 |
Localized plastic deformation in heavily loaded fasteners allows one part to sink into, or smooth the surface of, a softer or more heavily loaded second part. Nuts embed themselves in joint surfaces. Bolt threads embed themselves in nut threads, etc. 重載緊固件中的局部塑性變形允許一個零件陷入較軟或更重載的第二零件中，或使其表面光滑。螺母嵌入接合面中。例如螺栓螺紋嵌入螺母螺紋等。 |
| Plug | 螺塞 |
1. An object, usually tapered, used to block a hole to prevent fluid from escaping or flowing. 2. The central moveable part of a valve. 3. In the flow of a yield-stress fluid through a pipe or duct, the central region is often assumed to take the form of a plug with uniform axial velocity. 4. In thermoforming, a shaping tool that forces a heated plastic sheet into a female mould. 1.一種物體，通常為錐形，用于堵塞孔以防止流體逸出或流動。2.閥門的中心可移動部分。3.在屈服應力流體通過管道或管道的流動中，中心區域通常假定為具有均勻軸向速度的塞子形式。4.在熱成型技術中，一種成型工具，將加熱的塑料板壓入陰模中。 |
| Compression | 壓縮 |
1. Loading, the principal effect of which is to squeeze and shorten a component or testpiece. 2. The reduction in volume and increase in density of a substance as a consequence of increased pressure. 1.加載，其主要作用是擠壓和縮短部件或試件。2.壓力增加導致物質體積減少和密度增加。 |
| Testing machine | 試驗機 |
A machine used to apply either a steady or oscillatory or impact load to a testpiece. The load may be tensile, compressive, shear, bending, or torsional. 用于向試件施加穩定或振蕩或沖擊載荷的機器。載荷可以是拉伸的、壓縮的、剪切的、彎曲的或扭轉的。 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式對鐵合金進行退火。 |
| Absolute viscosity | 絕對粘度 |
A measure of the internal shear properties of fluids, expressed as the tangential force per unit area at either of two horizontal planes separated by one unit thickness of a given fluid, one of the planes being fixed and the other moving with unit velocity. 流體內部剪切特性的量度，表示為兩個水平面中的任何一個上的單位面積切向力，兩個水平面被給定流體的一個單位厚度隔開，其中一個平面固定，另一個以單位速度移動。 |
| Fretting corrosion | 微動腐蝕 |
(1) The accelerated deterioration at the interface between contacting surfaces as the result of corrosion and slight oscillatory movement between the two surfaces. (2) A form of fretting in which chemical reaction predominates. Fretting corrosion is often characterized by the removal of particles and subsequent formation of oxides, which are often abrasive and so increase the wear. Fretting corrosion can involve other chemical reaction products, which may not be abrasive. （1）由于兩個表面之間的腐蝕和輕微振蕩運動，接觸表面之間的界面加速劣化。（2）一種以化學反應為主的微動磨損形式。微動腐蝕通常以顆粒的去除和隨后形成的氧化物為特征，這些氧化物通常具有研磨性，因此會增加磨損。微動腐蝕可能涉及其他化學反應產物，這些化學反應產物可能不是磨料。 |
| Maximum-and-minimum thermometer | 最高和最低溫度計 |
(minimum-maximum thermometer, Six’s thermometer) A liquid-in-glass instrument designed to register the maximum and minimum temperatures experienced over a given time period. （最低-最高溫度計，Six's溫度計）一種液體玻璃儀器，用于記錄給定時間段內經歷的最高和最低溫度。 |
| Elastic resilience | 彈性回彈 |
The amount of energy absorbed in stressing a material up to the elastic limit; or, the amount of energy that can be recovered when stress is released from the elastic limit. 向材料施加應力直至彈性極限所吸收的能量；或者當應力從彈性極限釋放時可以恢復的能量值。 |
| Catastrophic failure | 災難性故障 |
A sudden and total failure of a large engineering structure such as an aeroengine, aircraft, space vehicle, bridge, or dam. 大型工程結構（如航空發動機、飛機、航天器、橋梁或水壩）突然完全失效。 |
| Assembly drawing | 裝配圖紙 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 顯示零件如何組裝以生產組件或整機的工程圖。它可能包括顯示內部特征、對裝配至關重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件編號的部分。 |
| Eutectic | 共晶 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectic point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectic reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應，其中液體溶液在冷卻時轉化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數量與系統中組分的數量相同。（2）一種合金，其成分由平衡圖上的共晶點表示。（3）由共晶反應形成的混合固體成分的合金結構。 |
| Free carbon | 游離碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast with combined carbon. 鋼或鑄鐵中總碳中以石墨或回火碳等元素形式存在的部分。與結合碳形成對比。 |
| Wave spring | 波形彈簧 |
A type of compression spring, similar to a coil spring, but made of strip shaped into waves around the circumference. 一種壓縮彈簧，類似于螺旋彈簧，但由沿圓周成波浪形的條狀物制成。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 將冷加工的有色金屬合金軟化到規定的硬度或抗拉強度水平的最終局部退火。 |
| Acoustic emission | 聲發射 |
(stress-wave emission) Sound emitted by some materials when deformed under load. It arises from stress waves emitted by sudden dislocation motion in crystals, slip, crack growth, etc. （應力波發射）某些材料在負載下變形時發出的聲音。它是由晶體中突然的位錯運動、滑移、裂紋擴展等發出的應力波引起的。 |
| Impact extrusion | 沖擊擠壓 |
The extrusion of separate components of soft metals whose properties permit the action to be performed quickly. 擠壓單獨的軟金屬組件，其特性允許快速執行操作。 |
| Hydraulic air compressor | 液壓空氣壓縮機 |
1. A compressor powered by a hydraulic motor. 2. A device in which air is compressed as a result of being entrained in water flowing in a downcomer pipe. The compressed air is released in a chamber at the bottom of the pipe. 1. 由液壓馬達驅動的壓縮機。2.一種裝置，其中空氣由于夾帶在降液管中流動的水中而被壓縮。壓縮空氣在管道底部的腔室中釋放。 |
| Minor diameter | 螺紋小徑 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder which just touches the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread. 在直螺紋上，僅接觸外螺紋根部或內螺紋頂部的假想圓柱體的直徑。 |
| Flange | 法蘭 |
Flange refers to a head style for bolts where there is a circular ‘flange’ under the head that acts like a washer to distribute a load. A flange is a projected flat rim or collar. 1. Annular rims at the ends of pipes (flanged pipe) or shafts by which they may be coupled together using bolts that pass through holes in the flanges (flange coupling, flange union), or by toggle clamps around the periphery. 2. An extended rim on a wheel that positions it laterally on a track. Commonly used for railway rolling stock. 3. The top and bottom parts of an I-beam. 法蘭是指螺栓的頭部樣式，其中頭部下方有一個圓形“法蘭”，其作用類似于墊圈以分配載荷。凸緣是凸出的平輪輞或凸緣。1.管道（法蘭管）或軸端部的環形邊緣，通過這些邊緣，可以使用穿過法蘭孔的螺栓（法蘭聯軸器、法蘭接頭）或通過周邊的肘節夾將管道連接在一起。2.車輪上的延伸輪輞，將其橫向定位在軌道上。通常用于鐵路車輛。3.工字梁的頂部和底部。 |
| Acoustic separation | 聲學分離 |
?(Unit m) The separation of particles in a fluid using standing acoustic waves, typically ultrasound, to drive them to nodal points (acoustic particle concentration). （單位m）使用駐聲波（通常是超聲波）將流體中的粒子分離，以將它們驅動到節點（聲學粒子濃度）。 |
| Stress wave | 應力波 |
An unbalanced force, such as an impact, applied at one location in a body sets the material there into vibration that is transmitted to adjacent elements and ultimately to all parts of the body in the form of stress waves or wave packets. 施加在物體某個位置的不平衡力（如沖擊力）會使物體中的材料產生振動，并以應力波或波包的形式傳遞到相鄰元件，最終傳遞到物體的所有部位。 |
| Air-hardening steel | 空氣硬化鋼 |
A steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range. The terms should be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 2 in. (50 mm) or more in diameter. Same as self-hardening steel. 一種鋼，含有足夠的碳和其他合金元素，可以在空氣或其他氣體介質中從高于其轉變范圍的溫度冷卻過程中完全硬化。這些術語應僅限于能夠通過在相當大的截面（直徑約2英寸（50毫米）或更大）中通過空氣冷卻而硬化的鋼。與自硬鋼相同。 |
| Speed of rotation (N) | 轉速（N） |
(Unit rps or rpm) For an object rotating about a fixed axis, the speed of rotation is the number of turns (revolutions) of the object per unit time. It is equal to the angular velocity Ω (or ω) (unit rad/s) divided by 2π. （單位rps或rpm）對于繞固定軸旋轉的物體，旋轉速度是物體每單位時間的轉數。它等于角速度Ω（或ω）（單位rad/s）除以2π。 |
| Blank carburizing | 毛坯滲碳 |
Simulating the carburizing operation without introducing carbon. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the carburizing agent, or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy. 在不引入碳的情況下模擬滲碳操作。這通常通過使用惰性材料代替滲碳劑或通過在鐵合金上施加合適的保護涂層來實現。 |
| Vernier | 游標 |
A short auxiliary scale that slides along the main instrument scale to permit more accurate fractional reading of the least main division of the main scale. 一種短輔助刻度，沿主儀表刻度滑動，以便更準確地讀取主刻度的最小主刻度。 |
| Combined dimensioning | 組合尺寸標注 |
The use of chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the same engineering drawing. 在同一工程圖上使用鏈式尺寸標注和平行標注。 |
| Calorizing | 熱化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通過在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加熱鋁粉，賦予鐵或鋼表面抗氧化性。 |
| Acoustics | 聲學 |
The science and engineering of sound; its production, propagation, control, interaction with materials, etc. 聲音科學與工程；它的產生、傳播、控制、與材料的相互作用等。 |
| Plug gauge | 塞規 |
A steel gauge used to determine the dimension or dimensions of a hole. It may be straight or tapered, and is typically circular, but in principle can have any cross section. 用于確定孔的尺寸的鋼制量規。它可以是直的或錐形的，通常是圓形的，原則上可以有任何橫截面。 |
| Crushing strain | 壓應變 |
The supposed single strain that results in comminution of a brittle material. The corresponding stress is termed the crushing strength. Neither quantity can be a material constant as they must obey the laws of fracture mechanics and will depend on the type of testpiece, method of loading etc. 導致脆性材料粉碎的假定單應變。相應的應力稱為抗壓強度。這兩個量都不能是材料常數，因為它們必須遵守斷裂力學定律，并取決于試件類型、加載方法等。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 離心力（單位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 慣性反作用力對向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Right hand thread | 右旋螺紋 |
A screw thread which advances into the mating part when turned clockwise or to the right. 順時針或向右轉動時進入配合部件的螺紋。 |
| Sizing | 顆粒化 |
1. A finishing operation to ensure the specified dimensions and tolerances for a component are met. 2. (size classification) Separating an aggregate of mixed particles into groups according to size using a series of screens. 1.精加工操作，以確保滿足部件的規定尺寸和公差。2.（粒度分類）使用一系列篩網根據粒度將混合顆粒的聚集體分成組。 |
| Extra hard | 額外硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about one-third of the way from full hard to extra spring temper. 有色合金和一些鐵合金的回火，其特征是抗拉強度和硬度大約是從完全硬回火到額外彈簧回火的三分之一。 |
| Austempered steels | 等溫鋼 |
Medium to high carbon steels with improved mechanical properties as a result of austempering. After heating to between 800° and 900°C to form the austenite phase, they are quenched to, and held at, just above the martensite transformation range (between 260° and 370°C) to form bainite, before cooling further. Austempering of ductile cast irons results in a microstructure of bainite and spheroidal graphite. Austempered ductile irons have excellent toughness and wear properties. 由于等溫淬火，機械性能得到改善的中高碳鋼。在加熱到800°和900°C之間形成奧氏體相后，將它們淬火并保持在略高于馬氏體轉變范圍（260°和370°C之間）以形成貝氏體，然后進一步冷卻。球墨鑄鐵的等溫淬火導致貝氏體和球狀石墨的微觀結構。等溫淬火球墨鑄鐵具有優異的韌性和耐磨性。 |
| Torricellean barometer | 托里塞萊氣壓計 |
A vertical glass tube with its upper end sealed and the lower end submerged in a pool of mercury. The space above the mercury is under vacuum. The height to which the mercury rises up the tube is a measure of the barometric pressure. 一種垂直的玻璃管，上端密封，下端浸入汞池中。水銀上方的空間處于真空狀態。水銀在管道中上升的高度是大氣壓力的量度。 |
| Galling | 磨損 |
An extreme form of adhesive wear, in which large chunks of one part stick to the mating part (during sliding contact). 一種極端形式的粘著磨損，其中一個零件的大塊粘在配合零件上（在滑動接觸期間）。 |
| Impact loads | 沖擊載荷 |
Especially severe shock loads such as those caused by instantaneous arrest of a falling mass, shock meeting of two parts (in a mechanical hammer, for example), or by explosive impact, in which there can be an exceptionally rapid build-up of stress. 特別嚴重的沖擊載荷，例如由下落質量的瞬時停止、兩部分的沖擊碰撞（例如在機械錘中）或爆炸性沖擊引起的沖擊載荷，其中可能會出現異常快速的應力積聚。 |
| Junker machine | 容克機 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的測試機，用于測試緊固件的抗振性。 |
| Hexagon nut | 六角螺母 |
A nut having six sides and shaped like a hexagon. 六邊形的螺母。 |
| Inclusions | 夾雜物 |
Small pieces of nonmetallic impurities trapped within the base metal of. 存在于金屬基體中的小塊非金屬雜質。 |
| Diagonal pitch (Unit m) | 對角線間距（單位米） |
The distance, when components in an assembly are staggered, between the position of a component in one row or column and the position of the corresponding component in the next row or column. The term is applied to rivets, turbine or compressor blades in a cascade, vortex generators on the surface of a wing, etc. 當部件中的零部件交錯時，一行或一列中零部件的位置與下一行或下一列中相應零部件的位置之間的距離。該術語適用于鉚釘、葉柵中的渦輪或壓縮機葉片、機翼表面的渦流發生器等。 |
| Profile | 輪廓 |
The shape of a cross section of an object, such as an aerofoil or cam. 物體的橫截面形狀，如機翼或凸輪。 |
| Oxidative wear | 氧化磨損 |
A type of wear resulting from the sliding action between two metallic components that generates oxide films on the metal surfaces. These oxide films prevent the formation of a metallic bond between the sliding surfaces, resulting in fine wear debris and low wear rates. 由兩個金屬部件之間的滑動作用導致的一種磨損，在金屬表面上產生氧化膜。這些氧化膜防止在滑動表面之間形成金屬結合，導致細磨屑和低磨損率。 |
| Martensitic stainless steels | 馬氏體不銹鋼 |
Martensitic stainless steels are hardenable magnetic stainless steels that contain 9–18% chromium, 0.06–1.25% carbon, and typically up to about 2.5% in total of manganese, silicon, nickel, and molybdenum. They can be heat-treated such that martensite is the prime microconstituent, and are usually available in the annealed or quenched-and-tempered condition. They have excellent strength and high hardness, and good corrosion resistance. Uses include cutlery, surgical instruments, rifle barrels, steam turbine tubing and blading, jet engine components, hand tools, machine parts, fasteners, valves, springs, bearings, pump shafts, nozzles, mining equipment, and wear-resistant parts. 馬氏體不銹鋼是一種可硬化的磁性不銹鋼，其鉻含量為9-18%，碳含量為0.06-1.25%，錳、硅、鎳和鉬的總含量通常高達約2.5%。它們可以進行熱處理，使馬氏體成為主要的微組分，通常可在退火或淬火回火條件下獲得。它們具有優異的強度和高硬度，以及良好的耐腐蝕性。用途包括餐具、外科器械、步槍槍管、蒸汽輪機管道和葉片、噴氣發動機部件、手動工具、機械零件、緊固件、閥門、彈簧、軸承、泵軸、噴嘴、采礦設備和耐磨零件。 |
| Starting torque (Unit N.m) | 起動扭矩（單位：N.m） |
The torque developed by a motor at zero rotational speed in order to initiate rotation of the applied load. 電機在零轉速下產生的扭矩，以啟動所施加負載的旋轉。 |
| Bulk velocity | 體積速度 |
(average velocity, V) (Unit m/s) For fluid flow in a pipe or duct, the average flow velocity, given by V = ?/ρA where ? is the mass flow rate, ρ is the fluid density, and A is the duct cross-sectional area. （平均速度，V）（單位m/s）對于管道或管道中的流體流動，平均流速，由V=?/ρA給出，其中?是質量流量，ρ是流體密度，A是管道截面積。 |
| System engineering | 系統工程 |
A methodology which integrates all disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation. 一種將所有學科和專業組整合到團隊工作中的方法，形成從概念到生產再到運營的結構化開發過程。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕變時間關系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定應力下蠕變應變與時間之間的代數或數值關系。 |
| Orange peel | 橘皮 |
A surface roughening in the form of a pebble-grained pattern where a metal of unusually coarse grain is stressed beyond its elastic limit. Also known as pebbles and alligator skin. 一種以卵石顆粒圖案形式出現的粗糙化表面，其中晶粒異常粗的金屬受到的應力超過其彈性極限。也稱為卵石和鱷魚皮。 |
| Working pressure (Unit Pa) | 工作壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure at which a pressure vessel, such as a boiler, is designed to operate under normal conditions. 壓力容器（如鍋爐）設計用于在正常條件下運行的壓力。 |
| Mechanical energy (Unit J) | 機械能（單位J） |
The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy for an object or a mechanical system, including the energy stored in springs, etc. 物體或機械系統的動能和勢能之和，包括儲存在彈簧等中的能量。 |
| Elastic strain energy | 彈性應變能 |
The energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物體彈性變形所消耗的能量。本質上，彈性變形過程中所做的所有功都以彈性能的形式存儲，并且在釋放所施加的力時恢復該能量。 |
| Reverse pitch (Unit °) | 反向螺距（單位°） |
The pitch of a variable-pitch propeller that produces negative thrust. 產生負推力的變槳距螺旋槳的槳距。 |
| Impact wrench | 沖擊扳手 |
An air- or electric-powered wrench in which multiple blows from tiny hammers are used to produce output torque to tighten fasteners. A pneumatically-or electrically-powered socket wrench used to tighten or loosen nuts through the application of torque in a rapid series of impulses. 一種氣動或電動扳手，使用小錘子多次敲擊來產生輸出扭矩以擰緊緊固件，用于通過在一系列快速脈沖中施加扭矩來擰緊或松開螺母。 |
| Breaking load (Unit N) | 斷裂負荷（單位N） |
The load applied at some point to a component or structure which leads to fracture. The breaking stress (breaking strength) is the average stress at which a member breaks, given by the breaking load divided by the area over which it acts. 在某個點施加到導致斷裂的部件或結構的載荷。斷裂應力（斷裂強度）是構件斷裂時的平均應力，由斷裂載荷除以其作用的面積給出。 |
| Indentation hardness | 壓痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm2) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通過硬度測試確定的材料抗壓痕的能力。壓頭可以是球形或菱形，在規定的載荷下壓入金屬表面一段時間。（單位Pa或，非國際單位制，kgf/mm2）通過壓頭測量硬度，壓入材料，形成永久壓痕。硬度由載荷除以壓痕的投影（有時是表面）面積得出。塑性理論表明，硬度約為單軸屈服應力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Cap screw | 帽螺釘 |
A bolt where the thread runs right up to the head and engages in a threaded hole or captive nut in an adjoining member. A finished screw 5mm or larger, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing in into a tapped hole in the other. A finished screw, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing it into a tapped hole in the other. Heads may be hexagon, round, flat, fillister or socket type. 一個5毫米或更大的螺釘，其螺紋一直延伸到頭部，并與相鄰構件的螺紋孔或外加螺母嚙合,用于將兩個部件固定在一起，方法是將螺釘穿過一個部分的間隙孔，然后擰入另一個部分的螺紋孔。頭部可以是六角形、圓形、扁平形、圓角形或套筒形。 |
| Coarsening | 粗粒化 |
An increase in the grain size, usually, but not necessarily, by grain growth. 晶粒尺寸的增加，通常但不一定是晶粒變大。 |
| T-slot | T型槽 |
A recessed or undercut slot made with a special T shaped cutter in the tables of machine tools to receive the square head of a T bolt for clamping workpiece. 在機床工作臺上用一種特殊的T形刀具制成的凹槽或底切槽，用于容納T形螺栓的方頭，用于夾緊工件。 |
| Lap joint | 搭接接頭 |
A riveted, welded, or bonded connection between two plates made by overlapping one plate above the other. Lap joints having plates above and below a butt joint avoid the bending moment associated with a simple lap joint. 兩塊板之間的鉚接、焊接或粘結連接，通過將一塊板重疊在另一塊板上而形成。對接接頭上方和下方具有板的搭接接頭避免了與簡單搭接接頭相關的彎矩。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 產品設計、材料選擇和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Thermoelectric junction | 熱電結 |
A welded, soldered, or twisted connection between the ends of two wires of dissimilar metals, as in a thermocouple. 兩根不同金屬線的末端之間的焊接、錫焊或絞合連接，如熱電偶。 |
| Preload relaxation | 預載松弛 |
Local yielding, due to excess bearing stress under nuts and bolt heads (caused by high local spots, rough surface finish, and lack of perfect squareness of bolt and nut bearing surfaces), may result in preload relaxation after preloads are first applied to a bolt. 由于螺母和螺栓頭下的軸承應力過大（由局部斑點高、表面粗糙以及螺栓和螺母軸承表面缺乏完美的方正度造成），局部屈服可能會在首次向螺栓施加預載荷后導致預載荷松弛。 |
| Total head (hT) (Unit m) | 總水頭（hT）（單位：m） |
Total pressure pT expressed in terms of the vertical height of a column of liquid, typically water or mercury, i.e. hT?= pT/ρg where g is the acceleration due to gravity and ρ is the liquid density. 總壓力pT以液體柱（通常為水或汞）的垂直高度表示，即hT=pT/ρg，其中g為重力加速度，ρ為液體密度。 |
| Equilibrium diagram | 平衡圖 |
A graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of complete equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is usually considered constant. 在完全平衡條件下，合金系統中相場的溫度、壓力和成分極限的圖形表示。在金屬系統中，壓力通常被認為是恒定的。 |
| Gear motor | 齒輪馬達 |
Essentially a gear pump run in reverse, in which high-pressure fluid supplied to one side of the casing causes the gears to rotate. 本質上是一個齒輪泵反向運行，其中供應到外殼一側的高壓流體導致齒輪旋轉。 |
| Yield point (Unit Pa) | 屈服點（單位Pa） |
The first stress in a material, usually less than the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Only certain metals—those which exhibit a localized, heterogeneous type of transition from elastic to plastic deformation—produce a yield point. If there is a decrease in stress after yielding, a distinction may be made between upper and lower yield points. The load at which a sudden drop in the flow curve occurs is called the upper yield point. The constant load shown on the flow curve is the lower yield point. (yield strength, yield stress, Rel, Rel) The stress at which the onset of permanent (plastic) deformation (yielding) occurs in a body under increasing loading. In some materials, a yield-point phenomenon occurs in which stress falls on initial yielding and plastic deformation continues without increase in stress as strain increases further. The yield criterion is the combination of normal and shear stresses which produces yielding under multiaxial loading. 材料中的第一應力，通常小于可達到的最大應力，在該應力下應變增加而應力不增加。只有某些金屬——表現出從彈性變形到塑性變形的局部、非均勻類型的金屬——才會產生屈服點。如果屈服后應力降低，可區分上屈服點和下屈服點。流量曲線突然下降時的荷載稱為上屈服點。流量曲線上顯示的恒定載荷為較低屈服點。（屈服強度，屈服應力，Rel）在不斷增加的載荷下，物體發生永久（塑性）變形（屈服）時的應力。在某些材料中，會出現屈服點現象，即應力在初始屈服時下降，隨著應變進一步增加，塑性變形繼續，而應力沒有增加。屈服準則是在多軸載荷下產生屈服的正應力和剪應力的組合。 |
| Normal temperature and pressure (NTP) | 常溫常壓（NTP） |
Reference conditions defined by NIST as 20°C and 1 atm. NIST定義的參考條件為20°C和1atm。 |
| Available draught (Unit Pa) | 可用通風量（單位Pa） |
The reduced pressure of combustion gases in a furnace or boiler, either forced or due to the buoyancy of hot gases, which is used to draw in combustion air and remove products of combustion. 爐子或鍋爐中燃燒氣體的壓力降低，無論是強制還是由于熱氣體的浮力，用于吸入燃燒空氣并去除燃燒產物。 |
| Atmospheric pressure | 氣壓 |
The downward force exerted by the atmosphere because of its weight, (gravitational attraction to the Earth), measured by barometers, and usually expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb.expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb. 大氣由于其重量（對地球的引力）而施加的向下的力，用氣壓計測量，通常以毫巴為單位表示。海平面的標準大氣壓為1013.25mb。以毫巴為單位表示。海平面的標準大氣壓為1013.25mb。 |
| Structural-integrity analysis | 結構完整性分析 |
Assessment of components and structures for likelihood of failure by buckling, fracture, yielding, etc. under conditions of normal and accident loading. 在正常和事故荷載條件下，評估部件和結構因屈曲、斷裂、屈服等而失效的可能性。 |
| Vacuum relief valve | 真空安全閥 |
A valve that admits gas to a system under vacuum, should the degree of vacuum become excessive. 如果真空度過高，允許氣體在真空下進入系統的閥門。 |
| Yielding | 屈服 |
Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also known as plastic flow or creep. 結構材料塑性變形的證據。也稱為塑性流動或蠕變。 |
| International System of Units | 國際單位制 |
(SI system of units, Le Système international d’unités) The standard system of units now used almost universally in science and engineering except in the United States. The definitive reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. There are seven base units: metre (symbol m) for length; kilogram (kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred.(kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred. （國際單位制，Le Système international d\\\'unités）目前美國除外，在科學和工程中幾乎是普遍使用的標準單位制。SI的最終參考是國際度量衡局出版的小冊子，通常稱為BIPM SI小冊子。有七個基本單位：米（符號m）表示長度；質量為千克（kg）；物質量的摩爾（mol）；時間為秒；開爾文（K）表示溫度；電流為安培（A）；而坎德拉（cd）表示發光強度。新的國際單位制定義于2019年5月20日生效，該定義基于自然界的普遍常數（也稱為基本物理常數：阿伏伽德羅常數、玻爾茲曼常數和普朗克常數）。這些常數的值也進行了少量調整。除了基本單位外，還有22個相干導出單位，包括平面角的弧度（rad）、立體角的斯特拉迪安（sr）、頻率的赫茲（Hz）、力的牛頓（N）、壓力的帕斯卡（Pa）、能量、功和熱量的焦耳（J）以及功率和輻射通量的瓦特（W）。建議的做法是避免N/mm2、MN/m2等組合。 |
| Positive-displacement machine | 正排量機 |
A machine that incorporates pistons, valves, etc. to ensure positive admission and delivery of a working fluid and prevent undesired reversal of flow. This class of machine incorporates all reciprocating compressors and expanders and some types of rotary compressor, the Roots blower, agear pump, a lobe pump, and a vane pump. 包含活塞、閥門等的機器，以確保工作流體的正向進入和輸送，并防止不期望的反向流動。這類機器包括所有往復式壓縮機和膨脹機以及一些類型的旋轉壓縮機、羅茨鼓風機、抽水機、凸輪泵和葉片泵。 |
| Vacuum annealing | 真空退火 |
Annealing carried out at subatmospheric pressure. 在低于大氣壓的壓力下進行退火。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在熱處理中，將硬化鋼或硬化鑄鐵重新加熱到共析溫度以下的溫度，以降低硬度和增加韌性。該工藝有時也適用于正火鋼。（2）在工具鋼中，有時使用回火來表示碳含量，但這是不恰當的。（3）在非鐵合金和一些鐵合金（不能通過熱處理硬化的鋼）中，通過機械或熱處理或兩者產生的硬度和強度，其特征是在冷加工過程中具有一定的結構、機械性能或面積減小。 |
| Wind velocity (Unit m/s) | 風速（單位：m/s） |
1. In the Earth’s atmosphere, a vector quantity that quantifies both the magnitude of the wind speed and its direction at a given altitude and location, conveniently represented in the hodograph plane. For convenience, the unit kph is often used. It could in principle also include information about large- and small-scale unsteadiness. Spatial variation in wind velocity, either with altitude or in a horizontal plane, is termed wind shear. 2. The airspeed in the working section of a wind tunnel. 1.在地球大氣層中，一種矢量量，用于量化給定高度和位置處的風速大小及其方向，方便地用速度計平面表示。為方便起見，通常使用單位kph。原則上，它還可以包括關于大尺度和小尺度不穩定性的信息。風速隨高度或水平面的空間變化稱為風切變。2.風洞工作段的空速。 |
| Gear ratio | 傳動比 |
For two gears in contact, the ratio of the number of teeth on the driving gear to that on the driven gear. 對于接觸的兩個齒輪，主動齒輪上的齒數與從動齒輪上的齒數之比。 |
| Principal stress (normal) | 主應力（正常） |
The maximum or minimum value of the normal stressat a point in a plane considered with respect to all possible orientations of the considered plane. On such principal planes the shear stress is zero. There are three principal stresses on three mutually perpendicular planes. The state of stress at a point may be: (1) uniaxial, a state of stress in which two of the three principal stresses are zero; (2) biaxial, a state of stress in which only one of the three principal stresses is zero; or (3) triaxial, a state of stress in which none of the principal stresses is zero. Multiaxial stress refers to either biaxial or triaxial stress. 相對于所考慮平面的所有可能方向，所考慮平面中某點處的法向應力的最大值或最小值。在這樣的主平面上，剪切應力為零。在三個相互垂直的平面上有三個主應力。一點的應力狀態可以是：（1）單軸，三個主應力中的兩個為零的應力；（2）雙軸，三個主應力中只有一個為零的應力狀態；或（3）三軸，即主應力均不為零的應力狀態。多軸應力是指雙軸或三軸應力。 |
| Coaxial | 同軸 |
A term for components having a common axis such as concentric shafts. 具有共同軸線的部件的術語，例如同心軸。 |
| Wallner lines | Wallner線 |
A distinct pattern of intersecting sets of parallel lines, usually producing a set of V-shaped lines, sometimes observed when viewing brittle fracture surfaces at high magnification in an electron microscope. Wallner lines are attributed to interaction between a shock wave and a brittle crack front propagating at high velocity. Sometimes Wallner lines are misinterpreted as fatigue striations. 一組相交的平行線的獨特圖案，通常產生一組V形線，有時在電子顯微鏡下高倍觀察脆性斷裂表面時觀察到。Wallner線歸因于高速傳播的沖擊波和脆性裂紋前沿之間的相互作用。有時Wallner線被誤解為疲勞條紋。 |
| Mechanical units | 機械單位 |
The units of physical quantities, the dimensions of which includemass, length, and time. 物理量的單位，其量綱包括質量、長度和時間。 |
| Active vibration suppression | 主動振動抑制 |
The reduction of undesirable vibration in components by feedback control. 通過反饋控制減少部件中的不良振動。 |
| Quench-age embrittlement | 淬火時效脆化 |
Embrittlement of low-carbon steels resulting from precipitation of solute carbon at existing dislocations and from precipitation hardening of the steel caused by differences in ferrite at different temperatures. Quenchage embrittlement usually is caused by rapid cooling of the steel from temperatures slightly below Ac1?(the temperature at which austenite begins to form), and can be minimized by quenching from lower temperatures. 低碳鋼的脆化是由于溶質碳在現有位錯處的沉淀和鐵素體在不同溫度下的差異導致的鋼沉淀硬化造成的。淬火脆性通常是由鋼從略低于Ac1的溫度（奧氏體開始形成的溫度）快速冷卻引起的，可以通過從較低溫度淬火來最小化。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 壓力（p）（單位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在熱力學和流體力學中，每單位面積流體施加的壓縮力。流體施加在表面上的壓力垂直于表面。 |
| Damage mechanics | 損傷機制 |
The theory of degradation in bodies, particularly fracture by accumulated microstructural damage. Analyses take two approaches: (a) the use of some critical integrated function of stress and strain at which cracking is initiated and propagated; (b) incorporation of damage in the stress–strain curves to reflect weakened material. 物體退化理論，尤其是累積微觀結構損傷導致的斷裂。分析采用兩種方法：（a）使用裂紋開始和擴展時的應力和應變的一些臨界積分函數；（b）應力-應變曲線中包含損傷，以反映弱化材料。 |
| Pressure storage tank | 壓力貯存器 |
(pressure vessel) A closed container for storing gases or volatile liquids, such as liquefied gases, at pressures significantly above atmospheric pressure. Such tanks are commonly cylindrical with domed ends, spherical, spheroidal, torispherical or hemispherical. （壓力容器）密閉容器：在大氣壓以上的壓力下儲存氣體或揮發性液體，如液化氣體的密閉容器。此類貯存器通常為圓柱形，具有半球形端部、球形、球面或半球形。 |
| Corrosion | 腐蝕 |
The deterioration of an exposed metal surface due to electrochemical oxidation with its surroundings. In the oxidation reaction, metal atoms give up electrons which are transferred to form another chemical species by a reduction reaction, usually with hydrogen and/or oxygen. A common example is the formation of the iron oxide rust Fe(OH)3 on iron or steel in moist air or water. Rust breaks away easily, exposing fresh iron to the atmosphere, whereas the corrosion product of some metals forms an adherent layer that prevents further oxidation reaction at fresh metal, an effect known as passivation. Examples include aluminium oxide on aluminium, chromium oxide on chromium, chromium oxide on alloys containing chromium such as stainless steels, and the patina formed on copper and zinc. Corrosion protection takes many forms. Good design to avoid crevices and stress is important. In some situations, substances known as inhibitors may be added to the environment to decrease its corrosiveness. The electrochemical nature of corrosion results in some metals having a greater tendency for oxidation than others. Zinc has a stronger tendency than iron and this is made use of in galvanizing. This is one example of cathodic protection, in which one metal is connected electrically to a more reactive metal, called a sacrificial anode, that oxidizes by giving up electrons and so protects the first metal. Coatings may be used to resist corrosion. Paints, plating, and diffusion coatings are the most common and the electrochemical process of anodizing is used to deliberately form a passive layer of oxide on aluminium alloys. Material selection plays a major role. For example, stainless steels with their high chromium content are widely used in corrosive environments. 暴露的金屬表面由于與周圍環境的電化學氧化而劣化。在氧化反應中，金屬原子放棄電子，這些電子通過還原反應（通常與氫和/或氧）轉移形成另一種化學物質。一個常見的例子是在潮濕的空氣或水中在鐵或鋼上形成氧化鐵銹Fe(OH)3。鐵銹很容易脫落，將新鮮鐵暴露在大氣中，而一些金屬的腐蝕產物形成一層粘附層，防止新鮮金屬發生進一步的氧化反應，這種效果稱為鈍化。實例包括鋁上的氧化鋁、鉻上的氧化鉻、含鉻合金上的氧化鉻如不銹鋼，以及銅和鋅上形成的銅綠。腐蝕防護有多種形式。避免裂縫和應力的良好設計非常重要。在某些情況下，可以向環境中添加稱為抑制劑的物質，以降低其腐蝕性。腐蝕的電化學性質導致一些金屬比其他金屬具有更大的氧化傾向。鋅比鐵具有更強的傾向性，這可用于鍍鋅。這是陰極保護的一個例子，其中一種金屬與活性更強的金屬（稱為犧牲陽極）電連接，犧牲陽極通過釋放電子進行氧化，從而保護第一種金屬。涂層可用于抗腐蝕。油漆、電鍍和擴散涂層是最常見的，陽極氧化的電化學過程用于有意在鋁合金上形成一層鈍化氧化物。材料選擇起著重要作用。例如，鉻含量高的不銹鋼廣泛用于腐蝕性環境。 |
| Gibbs–Dalton law | 吉布斯-道爾頓定律 |
An extension of Dalton’s law of additive pressures to include the statement that the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of a mixture of gases are equal to the sum of the internal energies, enthalpies, and entropies the individual constituents would have if each existed alone at the same temperature and volume. Gibbs rule is that part of the law pertaining to entropy. 道爾頓附加壓力定律的擴展，包括以下陳述：氣體混合物的內能、焓和熵等于各個成分單獨存在時的內能、焓和熵之和。相同的溫度和體積。吉布斯定律是與熵有關的定律的一部分。 |
| Bearing stress | 承受應力 |
The force per unit of bearing area. 每單位承載面積的力。 |
| Newton’s law of gravitation | 牛頓萬有引力定律 |
(Newton’s law of universal gravitation) Any two bodies exert a gravitational force of attraction F on each other directed along the line joining their centres of mass, in magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them. （牛頓萬有引力定律）任何兩個物體沿其質心連接線相互施加引力F，其大小與其質量乘積成正比，與它們之間距離r的平方成反比。 |
| Slenderness ratio | 長細比 |
The effective unsupported length of a uniform column divided by the least radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area. 均勻柱的有效無支撐長度除以橫截面積的最小回轉半徑。 |
| Rockwell hardness test | 洛氏硬度測試 |
An indentation-hardness test using a calibrated machine that utilizes the depth of indentation, under constant load, as a measure of hardness. A direct-reading hardness test based on depth of indentation, in which a minor load (typically 30 to 100 N) is applied before the major load (typically 120 to 1 500 N). There are different scales using conical or spherical indenters for different ranges of hardness. An indentation hardness test based on the depth of penetration of a specified penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions. 使用校準機器進行的壓痕硬度測試，該機器利用恒定載荷下的壓痕深度作為硬度測量值。一種基于壓痕深度的直讀硬度測試，其中在主要載荷（通常為120至1500N）之前施加較小載荷（通常是30至100N）。對于不同的硬度范圍，使用錐形或球形壓頭有不同的刻度。在某些任意固定條件下，基于指定穿透器穿透試樣深度的壓痕硬度試驗。 |
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