| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Calorie | 卡路里 |
(cal, gram calorie, small calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 4.186 8 J. It is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure airfree water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at standard atmospheric pressure. （卡，克熱量，小熱量）一種已被淘汰的（即非SI）能量單位，等于4.1868J。它是在標準大氣壓力下將1克純無空氣水的溫度從14.5℃升高到15.5℃所需的能量。 |
| Calorizing | 熱化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通過在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加熱鋁粉，賦予鐵或鋼表面抗氧化性。 |
| Cap | 帽 |
A cover, often in the form of a short cylinder, one end of which is closed. Typically used to close an orifice or pipe end, on to which it can be pushed, welded, screwed, or attached with fasteners. 一種蓋子，通常為短圓柱體，一端封閉。通常用于封閉孔口或管端，可將其推入、焊接、擰緊或用緊固件連接到其上。 |
| Cap nut | 蓋型螺母 |
A nut with a blind threaded hole, for example a dome nut to cover the end of a bolt. 帶有盲螺紋孔的螺母，例如用于覆蓋螺栓末端的圓頂螺母。 |
| Cap screw | 帽螺釘 |
A bolt where the thread runs right up to the head and engages in a threaded hole or captive nut in an adjoining member. A finished screw 5mm or larger, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing in into a tapped hole in the other. A finished screw, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing it into a tapped hole in the other. Heads may be hexagon, round, flat, fillister or socket type. 一個5毫米或更大的螺釘，其螺紋一直延伸到頭部，并與相鄰構(gòu)件的螺紋孔或外加螺母嚙合,用于將兩個部件固定在一起，方法是將螺釘穿過一個部分的間隙孔，然后擰入另一個部分的螺紋孔。頭部可以是六角形、圓形、扁平形、圓角形或套筒形。 |
| Captive nut | 松脫螺母 |
A nut attached loosely or rigidly to a sheet member that is too thin to thread and which engages with a cap screw. 松脫地或剛性地連接到薄板構(gòu)件上的螺母，該螺母太薄而無法擰入，并與帶帽螺釘接合。 |
| Car furnace | 車爐 |
A batch-type furnace using a car on rails to enter and leave the furnace area. Car furnaces are used for lower stress relieving ranges. 一種間歇式爐，使用軌道上的小車進出爐區(qū)。汽車爐用于較低的應力消除范圍。 |
| Carbon potential | 碳勢 |
A measure of the ability of an environment containing active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed conditions, the carbon level of the steel. Note: In any particular environment, the carbon level attained will depend on such factors as temperature, time, and steel composition. 衡量含有活性碳的環(huán)境在規(guī)定條件下改變或保持鋼的碳含量的能力。注意：在任何特定環(huán)境中，所達到的碳含量將取決于溫度、時間和鋼成分等因素。 |
| Carbon restoration | 碳修復 |
Replacing the carbon lost in the surface layer from previous processing by carburizing this layer to substantially the original carbon level. Sometimes called recarburizing. 通過將該層滲碳到基本上原始的碳水平來替換先前處理中在表面層中損失的碳。有時稱為再碳化。 |
| Carbon steels | 碳鋼 |
(plain carbon steels) Steels in which carbon is the principal alloying element, and the amount of manganese does not exceed 1.65% and the copper and silicon contents are less than 0.60%. There are three main types: low-carbon steels (0.08–0.35% carbon); medium-carbon steels (0.35–0.50% carbon); and high-carbon steels (0.50–2.0% carbon). （普通碳鋼）以碳為主要合金元素，錳含量不超過1.65%，銅和硅含量低于0.60%的鋼。主要有三種類型：低碳鋼（0.08-0.35%碳）；中碳鋼（0.35–0.50%碳）；和高碳鋼（0.50–2.0%碳）。 |
| Carbonitriding | 碳氮共滲 |
A case hardening process in which a suitable ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation temperature in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition as to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The process is completed by cooling at a rate that produces the desired properties in the workpiece. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，將合適的含鐵材料在氣體氣氛中加熱到較低的轉(zhuǎn)變溫度以上，使其表面同時吸收碳和氮，并通過擴散形成濃度梯度。該工藝通過以在工件中產(chǎn)生所需性能的速率冷卻來完成。 |
| Carbonization | 碳化 |
Conversion of an organic substance into elemental carbon. 將有機物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為元素碳。 |
| Carburizing | 滲碳 |
Absorption and diffusion of carbon into solid ferrous alloys by heating, to a temperature usually above Ac3, in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material. A form of case hardening that produces a carbon gradient extending inward from the surface, enabling the surface layer to be hardened either by quenching directly from the carburizing temperature or by cooling to room temperature, then reaustenitizing and quenching. 通過與合適的含碳材料接觸加熱至通常高于Ac3的溫度，將碳吸收和擴散到固體鐵合金中。一種表面硬化形式，產(chǎn)生從表面向內(nèi)延伸的碳梯度，通過直接從滲碳溫度淬火或冷卻至室溫，然后重新奧氏體化和淬火，使表層硬化。 |
| Carburizing flame | 滲碳火焰 |
A gas flame that will introduce carbon into some heated metals, as during a gas welding operation. A carburizing flame is a reducing flame, but a reducing flame is not necessarily a carburizing flame. 一種氣體火焰，會在氣焊操作中將碳引入一些加熱的金屬中。滲碳火焰是還原火焰，但還原火焰不一定是滲碳火焰。 |
| Case | 包蓋 |
That portion of a ferrous alloy, extending inward from the surface, whose composition has been altered so that it can be case hardened. Typically considered to be the portion of the alloy (a) whose composition has been measurably altered from the original composition, (b) that appears dark on an etched cross section, or (c) that has a hardness, after hardening, equal to or greater than a specified value. Contrast with core. 鐵合金的一部分，從表面向內(nèi)延伸，其成分已經(jīng)改變，可以進行表面硬化。通常被認為是合金的一部分，（a）其成分與原始成分發(fā)生了可測量的變化，（b）在蝕刻橫截面上呈黑色，或（c）硬化后硬度等于或大于規(guī)定值。與核心形成對比。 |
| Case hardening | 表面硬化 |
A generic term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the chemical composition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon, nitrogen, or a mixture of the two and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The processes commonly used are carburizing and quench hardening; cyaniding; nitriding; and carbonitriding. The use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一個通用術(shù)語，涵蓋適用于鋼的幾種工藝，這些工藝通過吸收碳、氮或二者的混合物改變表層的化學成分，并通過擴散形成濃度梯度。常用的工藝有滲碳和淬火硬化，氰化，氮化以及碳氮共滲。優(yōu)選使用適用的特定工藝名稱。 |
| Cast steel | 鑄鋼 |
Steel that is cast into shapes. It has superior properties to most cast irons, but is more expensive to produce. 鑄成形狀的鋼。與大多數(shù)鑄鐵相比，它具有優(yōu)越的性能，但生產(chǎn)成本更高。 |
| Castellated nut | 槽形螺母 |
A nut having slots across the hexagonal faces, used with a bolt having a drilled hole so that a split (cotter) pin may be inserted through both nut and bolt to prevent unscrewing. 一種在六角面上有槽的螺母，與具有鉆孔的螺栓一起使用，以便將開口（開口）銷插入穿過螺母和螺栓以防止擰松。 |
| Catastrophic failure | 災難性故障 |
A sudden and total failure of a large engineering structure such as an aeroengine, aircraft, space vehicle, bridge, or dam. 大型工程結(jié)構(gòu)（如航空發(fā)動機、飛機、航天器、橋梁或水壩）突然完全失效。 |
| Caterpillar | 毛蟲式履帶 |
(crawler vehicle) A vehicle that ‘lays its own road’ by running on endless belts, driven by toothed wheels, on each side. Used on soft ground where spreading of the load reduces contact stress. （履帶式車輛）通過在每一側(cè)由齒輪驅(qū)動的環(huán)形皮帶運行來“鋪設自己的道路”的車輛。用于負載分散可減少接觸應力的松軟地面。 |
| Cathode | 陰極 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which attracts electrons. 電池或腐蝕電池中吸引電子的電極。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性開裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的溫度下暴露于濃氫氧化物溶液中的碳鋼或鐵鉻鎳合金中最常遇到的一種應力腐蝕開裂形式。也稱為堿脆。 |
| Caustic quenching | 苛性淬火 |
Quenching with aqueous solutions of 5 to 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH). 用5%至10%氫氧化鈉（NaOH）水溶液淬滅。 |
| Cavitation | 空蝕空化 |
The formation of vapour- or gas-filled cavities in a liquid due to reduction of the local pressure, often due to acceleration of the fluid, such as in flow through a convergent nozzle. If there is no dissolved gas in the liquid, vaporous cavitation occurs when the pressure falls below the saturated vapour pressure. If the bubbles are formed due to high temperature, the process is termed boiling. If there is dissolved gas, gaseous cavitation occurs due to pressure reduction, temperature increase, or diffusion (degassing). At the tips of marine propellers and in hydraulic machinery, the collapse of cavitation bubbles can cause noise and vibration and lead to surface damage in the form of pitting. 由于局部壓力降低而在液體中形成充滿蒸汽或氣體的空腔，通常原因是流體的加速，例如收斂噴嘴的流動。如果液體中沒有溶解氣體，當壓力降至飽和蒸汽壓力以下時，會發(fā)生蒸汽空化。如果氣泡是由于高溫形成的，則該過程稱為沸騰。如果存在溶解氣體，則由于壓力降低、溫度升高或擴散（脫氣），會發(fā)生氣穴。在船用螺旋槳尖端和液壓機械中，空化氣泡的破裂可能會引起噪音和振動，并導致以點蝕形式出現(xiàn)的表面損壞。 |
| Cavitation damage | 氣蝕損壞 |
Erosion of a solid surface through the formation and collapse of cavities or bubbles in an adjacent liquid that contains vapor and/or gas. 通過在包含蒸汽和/或氣體的相鄰液體中形成空穴或氣泡并破壞固體表面。 |
| Cavitation tunnel | 空泡試驗筒 |
A closed-circuit recirculating water tunnel in which the static pressure can be reduced to sufficiently low levels for cavitation studies to be performed. 一種閉路循環(huán)水隧洞，其中靜壓可降至足夠低的水平，以便進行氣蝕研究。 |
| Cavitation-resistance inducer | 抗氣蝕誘導劑 |
An axial-flow pump used upstream of a main pump in order to prevent cavitation in the latter by increasing the inlet head. 在主泵上游使用的軸流泵，通過增加進口壓頭防止主泵出現(xiàn)氣穴。 |
| Cavity radiator | 空腔輻射器 |
A heated chamber having a small hole through which radiation, approximating blackbody radiation, passes out. 具有小孔的加熱室，近似于黑體輻射的輻射通過該小孔傳遞出去。 |
| Cellular materials | 蜂窩材料 |
There are three broad classes of materials that have a sponge-like structure containing many small closed or open (interlinked) pores or cells. Natural cellular materials include bone, cork, sponge, and wood, and have numerous well-known uses. Wide ranges of cellular plastics are produced using blowing or foaming agents, such as air, ammonium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc., to create pores during the processing of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. Rigid foams have moderate compressive strength and can be moulded and machined. 有三大類材料具有海綿狀結(jié)構(gòu)，包含許多小的封閉或開放（互連）孔或細胞。天然多孔材料包括骨骼、軟木、海綿和木材，有許多眾所周知的用途。使用發(fā)泡劑或發(fā)泡劑（如空氣、碳酸銨、碳酸氫鈉等）生產(chǎn)各種泡沫塑料，以在熱塑性或熱固性聚合物加工過程中產(chǎn)生孔隙。硬質(zhì)泡沫具有中等抗壓強度，可模制和機加工。 |
| Celsius | 攝氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (0oC) and the boiling point of water (100oC). The interval between these points is divided into 100 degrees. The scale was devised by Anders Celsius. 基于水的冰點（0oC）和水的沸點（100oC）的溫標。這些點之間的間隔被劃分為100度。這個比例是由安德斯·攝氏設計的。 |
| Celsius temperature scale | 攝氏溫標 |
(centigrade temperature scale) A relative, non-SI, temperature scale now defined in terms of the Kelvin absolute temperature scale as °C = K ? 273.15, where °C is the symbol for degrees Celsius. The scale was previously called the centigrade scale, with two fixed points: the melting point of ice (the ice point) as 0°C, and the boiling point of water (the steam point) as 100°C. （攝氏度溫度標度）現(xiàn)在以開爾文絕對溫度標度定義的相對非國際溫度標度為°C=K-273.15，其中°C是攝氏度的符號。該刻度以前稱為攝氏度刻度，有兩個固定點：冰的熔點（冰點）為0°C，水的沸點（蒸汽點）為100°C。 |
| Cementation | 膠結(jié) |
The introduction of one or more elements into the outer portion of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. 在高溫下通過擴散將一種或多種元素引入金屬物體的外部。 |
| Cemented carbides | 硬質(zhì)合金 |
Sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. They have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. Applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. Sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 難熔金屬碳化物（如碳化鎢）在金屬基體粘結(jié)劑（如鈷、鎳或鐵）中的燒結(jié)混合物。它們具有高熔點、韌性、抗壓強度和耐磨性。應用包括用于砂輪和紙張、切削工具、鉆頭、拉絲模和圓珠筆尖。當應用于機床時，有時稱為硬金屬。 |
| Cementite | 滲碳體 |
A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C. It is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure. When it occurs as a phase in steel, the chemical composition will be altered by the presence of manganese and other carbide-forming elements. 碳化鐵一種鐵和碳的化合物，化學上稱為碳化鐵，化學式近似為Fe3C。其特征在于正交晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。當它在鋼中以相形式出現(xiàn)時，錳和其他碳化物形成元素的存在將改變其化學成分。 |
| Centi (c) | 厘（c） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 0.01; thus centimetre is a unit of length equal to one one-hundredth of a metre or 10 mm. 表示乘數(shù)0.01的SI單位前綴；因此厘米是長度單位，等于一米的百分之一或10毫米。 |
| Centigrade heat unit | 攝氏熱量單位 |
(Celsius heat unit, CHU) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit equal to the energy required to increase the temperature of one pound of pure, air-free water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. （攝氏熱量單位，CHU）一個已被淘汰的（即非國際單位制）單位，等于在一個標準大氣壓的壓力下將一磅純凈的無空氣水的溫度從14.5°C提高到15.5°C所需的能量. |
| Centre line | 中心線 |
1. In an engineering drawing, a line of symmetry. 2. An imaginary line along a pipe, duct, or shaft that defines an axis of symmetry. 3. An imaginary straight line parallel to the intended direction of a surface located such that the areas above and below the line and the real wavy (rough) surface cancel out. 1.在工程圖中，對稱線。2.沿著管道、管道或豎井定義對稱軸的假想線。3.一條平行于表面預期方向的假想直線，該直線上方和下方的區(qū)域與真實的波狀（粗糙）表面相抵消。 |
| Centre of pressure | 壓力中心 |
1. The location, on an aerofoil or other body that develops lift, of the resultant lift force. 2. The location, on a surface submerged in a liquid, of the resultant force due to the pressure acting on the surface. Because hydrostatic pressure increases with depth, the centre of pressure is generally below the centroid of the surface. 1.在產(chǎn)生升力的機翼或其他物體上，合成升力的位置。2.在浸沒在液體中的表面上，由于作用在表面上的壓力而產(chǎn)生的合力的位置。由于靜水壓力隨深度增加，壓力中心通常低于表面質(zhì)心。 |
| Centrifugal | 離心式 |
Acting or moving in a direction away from the axis of rotation of a rotating body. 沿遠離旋轉(zhuǎn)體的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的方向作用或移動。 |
| Centrifugal clutch | 離心離合器 |
A clutch that engages and disengages at a defined speed of rotation of the driving shaft, as when expanding friction shoes act against the inside of a drum. 一種離合器，以驅(qū)動軸規(guī)定的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度接合和分離，如當膨脹的摩擦片作用在滾筒內(nèi)部時。 |
| Centrifugal compressor | 離心式壓縮機 |
A compressor in which kinetic energy is added to a fluid by radial acceleration in an impeller and then converted into a pressure increase by flow though a diffuser. 一種壓縮機，其中動能通過葉輪中的徑向加速度添加到流體中，然后通過擴散器的流動轉(zhuǎn)換為壓力增加。 |
| Centrifugal fan | 離心風機 |
A machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. The gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一種帶有轉(zhuǎn)子的機器，轉(zhuǎn)子由安裝在輪轂周圍的許多葉片組成，用于移動空氣或其他氣體。氣體軸向進入轉(zhuǎn)子并在增加的壓力下徑向排出。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 離心力（單位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 慣性反作用力對向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Centrifugal pump | 離心泵 |
A pump into which liquid enters axially through the eye of the casing and is then accelerated through an impeller, thereby increasing both its kinetic energy and pressure before being delivered to a ring diffuser (the volute) that further increases the liquid pressure and from which it leaves. 一種泵，液體通過泵殼的眼軸向進入，然后通過葉輪加速，從而在輸送到環(huán)形擴散器（蝸殼）之前增加其動能和壓力，從而進一步增加液體壓力并從中流出樹葉。 |
| Centrifuge | 離心機 |
A machine incorporating a rapidly spinning drum in which liquids and suspended particles of different densities are separated by centrifugal action. 一種裝有快速旋轉(zhuǎn)滾筒的機器，在該滾筒中，不同密度的液體和懸浮顆粒通過離心作用分離。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的方向上起作用或移動。 |
| Chafing fatigue | 磨損疲勞 |
Fatigue damage initiated in a surface damaged by rubbing against another body. 因與另一個物體摩擦而損壞的表面引起的疲勞損壞。 |
| Chain | 鏈 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列連接的鏈接，通常是鋼制的。對于提升、拉動、固定等，每個鏈節(jié)都是一個閉合環(huán)，通常呈環(huán)形。對于動力傳輸，鏈節(jié)設計為與鏈輪的齒嚙合。與皮帶傳動相比，鏈傳動往往用于高扭矩應用。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 鏈條尺寸標注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程圖紙上，其中一個尺寸的終點是下一個的起點。平行尺寸標注是首選，因為鏈尺寸標注可能導致公差累積。 |
| Charles law/Charles' law | 查爾斯定律 |
(Gay–Lussac law) The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. （蓋-呂薩克定律）在恒定壓力下，固定質(zhì)量氣體的體積與其絕對溫度成正比。恒壓下氣體的體積與其絕對溫度成正比。 |
| Check valve | 止回閥 |
(clack valve, non-return valve) A mechanical device that allows fluid flow in one direction only. The numerous designs include ball, diaphragm, disc, lift, split disc, and swing check valves. （瓣閥、止回閥）一種僅允許流體單向流動的機械裝置。眾多設計包括球閥、隔膜閥、盤閥、升降閥、分體盤閥和旋啟式止回閥。 |
| Checks | 檢查 |
Numerous, very fine cracks in a coating or at the surface of a metal part. Checks may appear during processing or during service and are most often associated with thermal treatment or thermal cycling. 涂層中或金屬零件表面的許多非常細微的裂紋。在加工或服務期間可能會出現(xiàn)檢查，并且通常與熱處理或熱循環(huán)有關(guān)。 |
| Cheese head | 圓柱頭 |
A cylindrical head on a screw or bolt. For driving, it may be slotted, or hexagonally recessed. 螺釘或螺栓上的圓柱頭。為了驅(qū)動，它可以是開槽的，也可以是六角形的。 |
| Chilled castings | 冷鑄件 |
Iron castings cooled at a rate that results in white iron (slow enough to avoid the formation of martensite, yet fast enough to prevent any silicon present from causing decomposition of cementite into iron and graphite). 鑄鐵件以產(chǎn)生白口鐵的速度冷卻（足夠慢以避免形成馬氏體，但足夠快以防止任何存在的硅導致滲碳體分解成鐵和石墨）。 |
| Circlip | 卡簧 |
(snap ring) An external or internal retaining ring that locates parts of circular cross section in an axial direction. It consists of an incomplete ring, with holes on either side of the gap, that may be expanded by a plier-like tool to pass into a groove in a shaft or contracted to pass into a groove in a bore. （卡環(huán)）在軸向定位圓形橫截面部分的外部或內(nèi)部保持環(huán)。它由一個不完整的環(huán)組成，在間隙的任一側(cè)都有孔，可以通過鉗形工具將其擴展以進入軸中的凹槽或收縮以進入孔中的凹槽。 |
| Circular pitch | 齒距 |
The distance from the center of one gear tooth to the center of the next gear tooth measured on the pitch line. 在節(jié)線上測量的從一個輪齒中心到下一個輪齒中心的距離。 |
| Clamping force | 夾緊力 |
The equal and opposite forces which exist at the interface between two joint members. The clamping force is created by tightening the bolts, but is not always equal to the combined tension in the bolts. Hole interference problems, for example, can create a difference between clamping force and bolt loads. 存在于兩個連接構(gòu)件之間的界面處的相等和相反的力。夾緊力是通過擰緊螺栓產(chǎn)生的，但并不總是等于螺栓中的組合張力。例如，孔干涉問題可能會在夾緊力和螺栓載荷之間產(chǎn)生差異。 |
| Clearance | 間距 |
(Unit m or μm) 1. The distance (if any) between mating components in an assembly. 2. The distance between two moving parts, or a moving part and stationary part, in a machine (e.g. the gap between a piston and a cylinder head). 3. With threads, the major clearance is the distance between the design form at the root of an internal thread and the crest of its mating external thread; the minor clearance is the corresponding dimension between the crest of an internal thread and the root of the external thread. （單位m或μm）1.裝配體中配合組件之間的距離（如果有）。2.機器中兩個運動部件之間的距離，或運動部件和靜止部件之間的距離（例如活塞和氣缸蓋之間的間隙）。3.帶螺紋時，主要間隙是內(nèi)螺紋根部的設計形狀與其配合的外螺紋牙頂之間的距離；小間隙是內(nèi)螺紋牙頂和外螺紋牙根之間的對應尺寸。 |
| Clearance angle | 后角 |
(relief angle) (Unit °) The angle between the underneath or flank of a cutting tool and the machined surface. （后角）（單位°）切削刀具的底部或側(cè)面與加工表面之間的角度。 |
| Clearance fit | 間隙配合 |
A range of clearances ranging from close sliding to loose running, i.e. a fit in which the limits for the mating parts always permit assembly. 從緊密滑動到松動運行的一系列間隙，即配合零件的限制始終允許組裝的配合。 |
| Clearance hole | 間隙孔 |
A hole of specified size such that a bolt, stud, etc. of the same nominal size will always pass through. 指定尺寸的孔，使相同標稱尺寸的螺栓、螺柱等可以通過。 |
| Clearance volume | 余隙容積 |
(Unit m3) The ‘dead’ volume above a piston, including the recess in the cylinder head, in a reciprocating compressor or engine when the piston is at top dead centre. （單位m3）活塞位于上止點時活塞上方的“死區(qū)”體積，包括氣缸蓋中的凹槽，在往復式壓縮機或發(fā)動機中。 |
| Cleavage | 分裂 |
The tendency of a material to cleave or split along definite crystallographic planes. 材料沿特定晶面劈裂或分裂的趨勢。 |
| Cleavage fracture | 解理斷裂 |
A fracture, usually of a polycrystalline metal, in which most of the grains have failed by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting facets. It is one type of crystalline fracture and is associated with low energy brittle fracture. Contrast with shear fracture. A fracture created by splitting (cleavage), as between layers in materials like slate or mica. In brittle metals, and brittle? microconstituents in alloys, cleavage occurs along particular crystal planes. 一種通過分裂（劈裂）產(chǎn)生的裂縫斷裂，通常是多晶金屬的斷裂，其中大部分晶粒因解理而失效，產(chǎn)生明亮的反射面。它是一種結(jié)晶性斷裂，與低能脆性斷裂有關(guān)。與剪切斷裂相對。如板巖或云母等材料的層之間。在脆性金屬和合金中的脆性微量成分中，沿特定晶面發(fā)生解理。 |
| Clevis | U形夾 |
A U-shaped hook with holes at the ends through which a retaining bolt or pin (clevis pin) passes. 一種U形鉤，末端有孔，固定螺栓或銷（U形銷）穿過這些孔。 |
| Clevis joint | U形接頭 |
A joint formed by two parallel cantilever beams pressed upon a component between the beams. 由兩個平行懸臂梁壓在梁之間的部件上形成的接頭。 |
| Clip gauge | 夾規(guī) |
A displacement gauge consisting of two thin strain-gauged cantilever arms attached through knife edges to a testpiece to give the load–line displacement in fracture mechanics test pieces, or used as an extensometer in tensile tests. 一種位移計，由兩個通過刀刃連接到試件上的薄應變測量懸臂組成，以提供斷裂力學試件中的載荷線位移，或用作拉伸試驗中的引伸計。 |
| Closed system | 封閉系統(tǒng) |
A closed thermodynamic system consists of a fixed amount of mass. No mass can cross its boundary although energy can, in the form of work or heat, and its volume can change. 一個封閉的熱力學系統(tǒng)由一定量的質(zhì)量組成。能量可以以功或熱的形式存在，其體積可以改變，但沒有質(zhì)量可以越過它的邊界。 |
| Closed-die forging | 閉模鍛造 |
The forming of a workpiece by compression within a pair of dies having the female form of the component to be manufactured (closed dies), superfluous metal being expelled as flash where the dies meet. 在一對具有待制造部件的陰模的模具（閉模）內(nèi)通過壓縮形成工件，多余的金屬在模具相遇處作為飛邊排出。 |
| Clutch | 離合器 |
A device for connecting and disconnecting rotating shafts, for example between an engine and a gearbox. 一種用于連接和斷開旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的裝置，例如在發(fā)動機和變速箱之間。 |
| Coalescence | 聚結(jié) |
Growth of grains at the expense of the remainder by absorption or the growth of a phase or particle at the expense of the remainder by absorption or reprecipitation. 通過吸收以犧牲剩余為代價的晶粒的生長或以通過吸收或再沉淀為代價的以剩余為代價的相或顆粒的生長。 |
| Coarse threads | 粗螺紋 |
Threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺紋上相應點之間的間距相對較大的螺紋。 |
| Coarsening | 粗?；?/td> |
An increase in the grain size, usually, but not necessarily, by grain growth. 晶粒尺寸的增加，通常但不一定是晶粒變大。 |
| Coated abrasive | 涂附磨具 |
An abrasive tool consisting of a flexible backing material, such as a woven cloth, paper or vulcanized fibre, a bond material, such as a glue or synthetic resin, and grit. 一種研磨工具，由柔性背襯材料（例如編織布、紙或硫化纖維）、粘合材料（例如膠水或合成樹脂）和砂礫組成。 |
| Coaxial | 同軸 |
A term for components having a common axis such as concentric shafts. 具有共同軸線的部件的術(shù)語，例如同心軸。 |
| Coefficient of cubic expansion | 立方膨脹系數(shù) |
The fractional increase in volume per unit temperature rise. 每單位溫度升高的體積增加分數(shù)。 |
| Coefficient of discharge (CD) | 流量系數(shù)（CD） |
For flow through a nozzle or orifice plate, the ratio of the actual mass flow rate to the theoretical mass flow rate calculated assuming the flow to be isentropic. The coefficient of velocity (velocity coefficient) is the corresponding ratio of the actual average velocity to the theoretical value. For incompressible flow, the theoretical flow rate and velocity can be calculated using Bernoulli’s equation. 對于通過噴嘴或孔板的流量，實際質(zhì)量流量與假設流量為等熵計算的理論質(zhì)量流量之比。速度系數(shù)（速度系數(shù)）是實際平均速度與理論值的對應比。對于不可壓縮流，可以使用伯努利方程計算理論流量和速度。 |
| Coefficient of friction (μ) | 摩擦系數(shù)（μ） |
?(coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of sliding friction, friction coefficient, μ) The ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N between two surfaces in contact, i.e. μ = F/N. Static friction is when there is no relative sliding; kinetic friction when there is. For structural components sliding on one another, the coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force causing the sliding to the force perpendicular to the sliding component surfaces. The coefficient of friction is dimensionless with values between zero and one. The number characterising the force necessary to slide or roll one material along the?€surface of another. If an object has a weight N and the coefficient of friction is μ, then the force F necessary to move it without acceleration along a level surface is F = μN. The coefficient of static friction determines the force necessary to initiate movement; the coefficient of kinetic friction determines the force necessary to maintain movement. Kinetic friction is usually smaller than static friction. （動摩擦系數(shù)、滑動摩擦系數(shù)、摩擦系數(shù)，μ）兩個接觸表面之間摩擦力F與法向力N的比值，即μ=F/N。靜摩擦是指沒有相對滑動時；有摩擦時的動摩擦。對于相互滑動的結(jié)構(gòu)部件，摩擦系數(shù)是引起滑動的力與垂直于滑動部件表面的力的比值。摩擦系數(shù)是無量綱的，其值介于0和1之間。代表一種材料沿另一種材料的表面滑動或滾動所需的力的數(shù)字。如果一個物體的重量為N并且摩擦系數(shù)為μ，那么在沒有加速度的情況下沿水平表面移動它所需的力F為F=μN。靜摩擦系數(shù)決定了啟動運動所需的力；動摩擦系數(shù)決定了保持運動所需的力。動摩擦通常小于靜摩擦。兩個物體之間的力（F）與將這些物體壓在一起的法向力（N）的無量綱比：μ（或f）=（F/N）。 |
| Coefficient of restitution (e) | 回彈系數(shù)（e） |
The ratio of the relative velocity of two colliding bodies after collision to that before. In perfectly elastic collisions e = 1; when all the impact energy is dissipated, e = 0. 兩個碰撞體在碰撞后與碰撞前的相對速度之比。在完全彈性碰撞中e=1；當所有的沖擊能量都消散時，e=0。 |
| Coefficient of rolling friction | 滾動摩擦系數(shù) |
The ratio of force parallel to a surface, on which an object rolls, to the normal force. Unlike sliding friction, rolling friction depends on the size of the contact patch and the radius of the rolling element, and the behaviour depends on whether the contact is elastic, viscoelastic, or plastic and on hysteresis losses. 平行于物體滾動表面的力與法向力之比。與滑動摩擦不同，滾動摩擦取決于接觸片的大小和滾動元件的半徑，其行為取決于接觸是彈性的、粘彈性的還是塑性的以及滯后損失。 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 熱膨脹系數(shù) |
(1) Change in unit of length (or volume) accompanying a unit change of temperature, at a specified temperature. (2) The linear or volume expansion of a given material per degree rise of temperature, expressed at an arbitrary base temperature or as a more complicated equation applicable to a wide range. （1） 單位長度（或體積）隨溫度單位變化的變化。（2） 給定材料每上升一度的線性或體積膨脹，在任意基礎溫度下表示，或作為適用于寬范圍的更復雜方程表示。 |
| Coextrusion | 復合擠壓 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通過同一模具同時擠出兩種或多種材料的組合。 |
| Coherent precipitate | 相干沉淀 |
A crystalline precipitate that forms from solid solution with an orientation that maintains continuity between the crystal lattice of the precipitate and the lattice of the matrix, usually accompanied by some strain in both lattices. Because the lattices fit at the interface between precipitate and matrix, there is no discernible phase boundary. 由固溶體形成的結(jié)晶沉淀物，其取向保持沉淀物晶格和基體晶格之間的連續(xù)性，通常伴隨著兩個晶格中的一些應變。由于晶格適合于沉淀和基體之間的界面，因此不存在可識別的相邊界。 |
| Coherent structure | 相干結(jié)構(gòu) |
A term given to the larger eddies of turbulent shear flow, such as boundary layers, jets, and wakes, that show distinctive correlated patterns of motion. 一個術(shù)語，用于表示湍流剪切流的較大渦流，例如邊界層、射流和尾流，它們顯示出獨特的相關(guān)運動模式。 |
| Cohesive strength | 內(nèi)聚強度 |
(Unit Pa) A theoretical fracture strength for solids based on interatomic forces, approximately equal to E/10 where E is Young’s modulus. （單位Pa）基于原子間力的固體理論斷裂強度，大約等于E/10，其中E是楊氏模量。 |
| Cohesive zone | 凝聚力區(qū) |
In fracture-mechanics modelling and simulation, the region at the crack tip over which an assumed traction (load-displacement) relation has to be overcome to permit initiation and propagation of a crack. 在斷裂力學建模和模擬中，必須克服假定的牽引（載荷-位移）關(guān)系以允許裂紋萌生和擴展的裂紋尖端區(qū)域。 |
| Coil spring | 螺旋彈簧 |
A spiral (‘clockwork’) or helical (cylindrical) spring. A spring steel wire wound in a spiral pattern. 螺旋（“發(fā)條”）或螺旋（圓柱形）彈簧。以螺旋狀纏繞的彈簧鋼絲。 |
| Coining | 壓印 |
A forging operation, employing a closely-fitting punch and die from which no metal is allowed to escape, in which the surface pattern on the punch and die is imprinted on the blank. 一種鍛造操作，采用緊密配合的凸模和模具，不允許金屬逸出，其中凸模和模具上的表面圖案印在坯料上。 |
| Cold die quenching | 冷模淬火 |
A quench utilizing cold, flat, or shaped dies to extract heat from a part. Cold die quenching is slow, expensive, and is limited to smaller parts with large surface areas. 利用冷、平或成型模具從零件中提取熱量的淬火。冷模淬火速度慢、成本高，并且僅限于表面積較大的較小零件。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷擠壓 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用簡單的術(shù)語來說，冷擠壓可以定義為迫使未加熱的金屬流過成形模具。這是一種通過在室溫下壓縮使金屬塑性變形來成形金屬的方法，同時金屬處于由工具形成的模腔中。金屬至少在一個方向上從模具中流出，并具有所需的橫截面輪廓，這是由工具產(chǎn)生的孔口所允許的。冷擠壓總是在遠低于金屬再結(jié)晶溫度的溫度下進行（鋼約1100至1300華氏度），因此總是發(fā)生加工硬化。在熱擠壓中，再結(jié)晶消除了加工硬化的影響，除非擠壓的快速冷卻阻止再結(jié)晶完成。 |
| Cold treatment | 冷處理 |
Treatment carried out after quenching to transform retained austenite into martensite, involving cooling and holding at a temperature below ambient. 淬火后進行的處理，以將殘余奧氏體轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)轳R氏體，包括冷卻和保持在低于環(huán)境溫度的溫度。 |
| Cold working | 冷加工 |
The plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling (cold rolling), drawing, forging (cold forging), etc. at a temperature well below its recrystallization temperature, which results not only in permanent shape change but also increase in strength and loss of ductility owing to work-hardening. 金屬在遠低于其再結(jié)晶溫度的溫度下通過軋制（冷軋）、拉拔、鍛造（冷鍛）等方式發(fā)生塑性變形，這不僅會導致永久的形狀變化，還會增加強度并降低延展性由于加工硬化。 |
| Collapse load (Unit N) | 毀壞荷載（單位N） |
The applied load at which a structure becomes a mechanism owing to the formation of sufficient plastic hinges for collapse to occur. 由于形成足夠的塑性鉸鏈以發(fā)生坍塌，結(jié)構(gòu)成為機制的施加載荷。 |
| Collar | 圈、箍 |
A ring secured to, or integral with, a shaft to give axial location. 固定在軸上或與軸成一體以提供軸向位置的環(huán)。 |
| Columnar structure | 柱狀結(jié)構(gòu) |
A coarse structure of parallel elongated grains formed by unidirectional growth, most often observed in castings, but sometimes in structures resulting from diffusional growth accompanied by a solid-state transformation. 由單向生長形成的平行細長晶粒的粗略結(jié)構(gòu)，最常見于鑄件中，但有時也出現(xiàn)在伴隨固態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變的擴散生長產(chǎn)生的結(jié)構(gòu)中。 |
| Combined carbon | 復合碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present as other than free carbon. 鋼或鑄鐵中總碳中除游離碳外的部分。 |
| Combined dimensioning | 組合尺寸標注 |
The use of chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the same engineering drawing. 在同一工程圖上使用鏈式尺寸標注和平行標注。 |
| Combined heat and power plant | 熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)電廠 |
(CHP plant, COGEN, cogeneration plant, total-energy plant) A plant for the simultaneous production of more than one useful form of energy from the same energy source, such as process heat and electric power. In the arrangement shown, partially expanded steam is extracted from the steam turbine and used to produce process heat. （CHP工廠、COGEN、熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)工廠、總能源工廠）從同一能源（如過程熱能和電力）同時生產(chǎn)一種以上有用能源的工廠。在所示的布置中，部分膨脹的蒸汽從蒸汽輪機中提取并用于產(chǎn)生過程熱量。 |
| Combined stresses | 復合應力 |
The stress state at a point in a component subjected to combination of axial, bending, torsional loadings etc., acting along all reference axes. 沿所有參考軸作用的受軸向、彎曲、扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷等組合作用的部件中某點的應力狀態(tài)。 |
| Combustible | 易燃 |
(inflammable) A term for substances that can be ignited and burned. （易燃）可點燃和燃燒的物質(zhì)的術(shù)語。 |
| Combustion | 燃燒氧化 |
An exothermic chemical reaction in which a fuel and an oxidant, typically air, react together to release a significant quantity of thermal energy in the presence of a flame. In the case of fluid fuels, ignition may be from an electric spark or compression of the 一種放熱化學反應，其中燃料和氧化劑（通常是空氣）一起反應，在火焰存在的情況下釋放大量熱能。 |
| Combustion chamber | 爐膛 |
1. In a piston engine, the volume between the head of an individual cylinder and the crown of the piston in which the fuel–air mixture burns during each power stroke of the engine. 2. (combustor) In a gas-turbine engine, a ramjet, an afterburner, or a rocket motor, the component, often cylindrical or annular in shape, in which the fuel–air mixture burns in a continuous-flow process. 1.在活塞式發(fā)動機中，在發(fā)動機的每個動力沖程中，燃料-空氣混合物燃燒的單個氣缸蓋和活塞頂之間的體積。2.（燃燒室）在燃氣渦輪發(fā)動機、沖壓發(fā)動機、加力燃燒室或火箭發(fā)動機中，燃料-空氣混合物在連續(xù)流動過程中燃燒的部件，通常為圓柱形或環(huán)形。 |
| Combustion deposit | 燃燒沉積物 |
Ash, carbon, and other incombustible solids, often due to impurities in the fuel, that build up on any surfaces exposed to products of combustion. They can lead to corrosion, reduced heat transfer and so higher flue-gas temperatures and reduced efficiency. 灰、碳和其他不燃固體，通常是由于燃料中的雜質(zhì)，在暴露于燃燒產(chǎn)物的任何表面上堆積。它們會導致腐蝕、傳熱降低，從而導致煙氣溫度升高和效率降低。 |
| Combustion efficiency | 燃燒效率 |
(source efficiency, ηCOMB) A performance measure for combustion equipment defined by ηCOMB?= amount of heat released during combustion/(calorific value of the fuel burned). （源效率，ηCOMB）燃燒設備的性能度量，定義為ηCOMB=燃燒過程中釋放的熱量/（燃燒燃料的熱值）。 |
| Complete decarburization | 完全脫碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient carbon loss to show only clearly defined ferrite grains under metallographic examination. 脫碳，具有足夠的碳損失，以在金相檢查下僅顯示清晰定義的鐵素體晶粒。 |
| Composite material | 復合材料 |
(composite structure) A general term used of two or more materials or structures acting in combination (e.g. concrete, reinforced concrete, filamentreinforced polymers, laminated materials, particulate-reinforced materials, flitched beams), resulting in values of strength, stiffness, or toughness greater than the base matrix material alone. （復合結(jié)構(gòu)）用于組合作用的兩種或多種材料或結(jié)構(gòu)的通用術(shù)語（例如混凝土、鋼筋混凝土、纖維增強聚合物、層壓材料、顆粒增強材料、切割梁），從而產(chǎn)生強度、剛度或韌性值大于單獨的基體材料。 |
| Composite property | 復合屬性 |
In thermodynamics, a property defined in terms of the properties of a closed system and its surroundings, such as the non-flow exergy function. 在熱力學中，根據(jù)封閉系統(tǒng)及其周圍環(huán)境的性質(zhì)定義的性質(zhì)，例如非流動火用函數(shù)。 |
| Compound pendulum | 復擺 |
A rigid body free to swing about an axis. 可繞軸自由擺動的剛體。 |
| Compounding | 復合串聯(lián) |
In a steam engine (compound steam engine) or impulse turbine, the progressive reduction in pressure (expansion) across two or more stages in series. 在蒸汽機（復合蒸汽機）或脈沖渦輪機中，通過串聯(lián)的兩個或多個級逐漸降低壓力（膨脹）。 |
| Compressed liquid | 壓縮液體 |
A liquid subjected to a pressure greater than the saturation pressure corresponding to its temperature. 承受大于與其溫度對應的飽和壓力的壓力的液體。 |
| Compressibility (Unit 1/Pa) | 可壓縮性（單位1/Pa） |
A measure of the reduction in volume or increase in density when a substance is subjected to an increase of pressure. It is defined as the reciprocal of the bulk modulus. Liquids and solids are normally considered incompressible, whereas gases are highly compressible. 當物質(zhì)受到壓力增加時體積減少或密度增加的量度。它被定義為體積模量的倒數(shù)。液體和固體通常被認為是不可壓縮的，而氣體是高度可壓縮的。 |
| Compressible flow | 可壓縮流動 |
A gas flow in which the Mach number M is sufficiently high for the gas density to change significantly. For air, this is when M > 0.3. 馬赫數(shù)M高到足以使氣體密度發(fā)生顯著變化的氣流。對于空氣，這是當M>0.3時。 |
| Compression | 壓縮 |
1. Loading, the principal effect of which is to squeeze and shorten a component or testpiece. 2. The reduction in volume and increase in density of a substance as a consequence of increased pressure. 1.加載，其主要作用是擠壓和縮短部件或試件。2.壓力增加導致物質(zhì)體積減少和密度增加。 |
| Compression crease | 壓縮折痕 |
A crease formed during the compression of composites having a high volume fraction of filaments. These composites fail in compression by forming a crease at an angle to the loading axis. 在壓縮具有高體積分數(shù)長絲的復合材料期間形成的折痕。這些復合材料通過形成與加載軸成一定角度的折痕而在壓縮中失效。 |
| Compression failure | 壓縮失敗 |
The reduction or removal of a component’s load-bearing capacity in compression, caused by buckling, fracture, crease formation in fibre composites, etc. 由纖維復合材料中的屈曲、斷裂、折痕形成等引起的部件在壓縮中的承載能力的降低或消除。 |
| Compression fitting | 壓縮接頭 |
A screwed joint for pipework made resistant to leakage by permanent deformation of a closely-fitting ring, called a ferrule or olive, on tightening. 一種用于管道的螺紋接頭，通過緊密配合的環(huán)（稱為套圈或橄欖形）在擰緊時的永久變形來防止泄漏。 |
| Compression member | 壓縮構(gòu)件 |
A structural component, the major loading on which is compressive. 一種結(jié)構(gòu)部件，其上的主要載荷是壓縮的。 |
| Compression pressure (Unit Pa) | 壓縮壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure produced in a cylinder of a piston engine by compression of air in the absence of fuel. 在沒有燃料的情況下通過壓縮空氣在活塞發(fā)動機的氣缸中產(chǎn)生的壓力。 |
| Compression ratio | 壓縮率 |
The volume of a combustion chamber with the piston at the top of its stroke as a proportion of the total volume of the cylinder with the piston at the bottom of its stroke. For a piston engine, if the swept volume is?SW?and the clearance volume is?CL, the compression ratio is given by (?SW?+?CL)/CL, i.e. it is a volume ratio rather than a pressure ratio. 活塞位于其沖程頂部的燃燒室的容積與活塞位于其沖程底部的氣缸總體積的比例。對于活塞發(fā)動機，如果掃氣量為SW，間隙容積為CL，則壓縮比由(SW+CL)/CL給出，即它是體積比而不是壓力比。 |
| Compression spring | 壓縮彈簧 |
A spring that resists compression forces, usually in the form of a helix with separated coils (giving a linear axial stiffness) or a cone with separated coils (giving a non-linear axial stiffness). 一種抵抗壓縮力的彈簧，通常采用帶有分離線圈的螺旋形式（提供線性軸向剛度）或帶有分離線圈的錐形（提供非線性軸向剛度）。 |
| Compression stroke | 壓縮沖程 |
The stroke in a reciprocating compressor or engine during which the working fluid is compressed. 往復式壓縮機或發(fā)動機中工作流體被壓縮的沖程。 |
| Compression test | 壓縮測試 |
A method for assessing the ability of a material to withstand compressive loads. The determination of the stress–strain curve of a material by axial loading of a specimen in compression. In brittle materials failure is in the elastic range; more ductile materials will yield before fracture; very ductile materials will plastically deform extensively before failure. The compression strength (compressive strength), with unit Pa, is the compressive stress that causes failure in a component or structure. 一種評估材料承受壓縮載荷能力的方法。通過壓縮試樣的軸向載荷確定材料的應力-應變曲線。在脆性材料中，破壞在彈性范圍內(nèi)；韌性更強的材料在斷裂前會屈服；韌性很強的材料在失效前會發(fā)生廣泛的塑性變形?？箟簭姸龋箟簭姸龋瑔挝粸镻a，是導致部件或結(jié)構(gòu)失效的壓應力。 |
| Compression wave | 壓縮波 |
(dilatation wave) In a fluid or a solid, a progressive wave or wavefront that compresses the medium through which it propagates. （膨脹波）在流體或固體中，壓縮介質(zhì)傳播的行波或波前。 |
| Compressive strength | 抗壓強度 |
Maximum compressive stress a material is capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compression by fracturing, the compressive strength has a definite value. For ductile, malleable, or semiviscous materials (which do not fail in compression by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material. 材料能夠產(chǎn)生的最大壓縮應力。如果脆性材料因破裂而無法壓縮，則抗壓強度具有一定值。對于韌性、可鍛性或半粘性材料（不會因破裂而導致壓縮失效），獲得的抗壓強度值是一個任意值，取決于被視為材料有效失效的變形程度。 |
| Compressive stress | 壓縮應力 |
A stress that causes an elastic body to deform (shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile stress. 使彈性體沿施加載荷方向變形（縮短）的應力。與拉應力對比。 |
| Compressive stress (Unit Pa) | 壓縮應力（單位Pa） |
The compressive load per unit area at a point in a component. 部件中某點的每單位面積的壓縮載荷。 |
| Compressometer | 壓力計 |
Instrument for measuring change in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in compression testing of metal specimens. 用于測量在給定標距上由施加或移除力引起的長度變化的儀器。常用于金屬試樣的壓縮試驗。 |
| Compressor | 壓縮機 |
A turbomachine, of either axial or radial type, that increases the pressure of a gas or vapour. 一種增加氣體或蒸汽壓力的軸向或徑向渦輪機。 |
| Compressor blades | 壓縮機葉片 |
The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor(s) and stator(s) of an axial-flow compressor. The aerodynamic design is more critical than is the case for turbine blades because there is an increase in pressure across each row of blades. The arrows in the diagram indicate the flow direction relative to the blades. 形成軸流式壓縮機的轉(zhuǎn)子和定子的翼型葉片?？諝鈩恿W設計比渦輪葉片的情況更為關(guān)鍵，因為每排葉片的壓力都會增加。圖中的箭頭表示相對于葉片的流動方向。 |
| Compressor bleed | 壓縮機排氣 |
The removal of air before the final stage of a multistage compressor operating below design speed, to prevent the final stage from choking. 在低于設計速度運行的多級壓縮機的末級之前去除空氣，以防止末級阻塞。 |
| Computational domain | 計算域 |
In CFD, FEM, and other numerical methods, the area or volume within which calculations are performed and on the periphery of which the boundary conditions are specified. 在CFD、FEM和其他數(shù)值方法中，執(zhí)行計算的區(qū)域或體積以及在其外圍指定邊界條件的區(qū)域或體積。 |
| Computed path control | 計算路徑控制 |
In CNC or robotics, the use of a control program to determine the required path for the tool or end effector. This required path forms the set points for the motor controllers moving the machine tool or robot. 在CNC或機器人技術(shù)中，使用控制程序來確定工具或末端執(zhí)行器所需的路徑。這條所需的路徑形成了用于移動機床或機器人的電機控制器的設定點。 |
| Computer control | 電腦控制 |
The control of an engineering device or system by pre-programmed computer or by feedback control. 通過預編程計算機或反饋控制對工程設備或系統(tǒng)進行控制。 |
| Computer numerical control (CNC) | 計算機數(shù)控（CNC） |
A term relating to machine tools in which the movements of a tool and/or the workpiece are controlled by computer. 與機床相關(guān)的術(shù)語，其中工具和/或工件的運動由計算機控制。 |
| Computer vision | 計算機視覺 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通過計算機對光學圖像/圖案進行數(shù)字化和處理，以在制造過程中識別零件、方向等。 |
| Computer-aided design (CAD) | 計算機輔助設計（CAD） |
Generally, design and calculations performed by computer; more specifically, the use of computer graphics and models to communicate design concepts. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is where component dimensions resulting from CAD are passed by electronic means directly to machines for manufacture. 一般由計算機進行設計和計算，更具體地說，使用計算機圖形和模型來傳達設計概念。計算機輔助設計和計算機輔助制造（CAD/CAM）是由CAD產(chǎn)生的組件尺寸通過電子方式直接傳遞到機器進行制造。 |
| Computer-aided manufacturing | 計算機輔助制造 |
(CAM, computer-integrated manufacturing, CIM) The use of computers in all branches of manufacturing, not only to control machines and robots for manufacturing and assembly, but also for process planning, and monitoring progress of materials and components during production, etc. （CAM，計算機集成制造，CIM）在制造的所有分支中使用計算機，不僅可以控制制造和組裝的機器和機器人，還可以進行工藝規(guī)劃，以及在生產(chǎn)過程中監(jiān)控材料和組件的進度等。 |
| Concentrated load | 集中負荷 |
A load on a component which is distributed over a very small area, idealized as the line load of a wedge or knife edge, and the point load of a cone. 分布在非常小的區(qū)域上的部件上的載荷，理想化為楔形或刀刃的線載荷和錐體的點載荷。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太陽能發(fā)電廠（CSP發(fā)電廠） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用鏡子或透鏡集中太陽輻射的發(fā)電廠，通常使用拋物面槽鏡，將太陽輻射沿著槽的焦線聚焦到接收管上。在另一種布置中，由安裝在塔上的太陽能接收器加熱的熔鹽通過蒸汽發(fā)生器循環(huán)。 |
| Concentration ratio | 濃度比 |
For a concentrating solar collector, the ratio of the projected area of the concentrator facing the solar beam to the actual area of the receiver. 對于聚光太陽能集熱器，集中器面向太陽光束的投影面積與接收器的實際面積之比。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 產(chǎn)品設計、材料選擇和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Condensate strainer | 冷凝水過濾器 |
A filter in a steam plant used to remove particulate matter from condensate before it is added to feedwater. 蒸汽設備中的過濾器，用于在將冷凝水添加到給水中之前去除冷凝水中的顆粒物。 |
| Condensation shock | 冷凝沖擊 |
For supersonic flow of a moist gas through a divergent nozzle, condensation occurs in the form of spontaneous nucleation at some point downstream of that at which the temperature falls to the saturation temperature. The condensation process proceeds rapidly, and results in a fairly thick discontinuity termed a condensation shock. 對于通過發(fā)散噴嘴的濕氣體超音速流動，在溫度降至飽和溫度的點下游的某個點處，冷凝以自發(fā)成核的形式發(fā)生。凝結(jié)過程進行得很快，導致相當厚的不連續(xù)性，稱為凝結(jié)激波。 |
| Condenser | 冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger in which a substance is changed from its vapour phase to its liquid phase by reducing its temperature to below the saturation temperature. 一種熱交換器，通過將物質(zhì)的溫度降低到飽和溫度以下，將其從氣相變?yōu)橐合唷?/td> |
| Condenser vacuum | 冷凝器真空 |
The sub-atmospheric pressure imposed on the condenser of a steam-power plant which leads to an appreciable increase in overall efficiency. 施加在蒸汽發(fā)電廠冷凝器上的低于大氣壓的壓力導致整體效率顯著提高。 |
| Condensing boiler | 冷凝鍋爐 |
A relatively small industrial or domestic boiler that burns sulfur-free natural gas so that the products of combustion do not contain sulfuric acid and can be allowed to condense on heat-transfer surfaces without danger of corrosion. 一種相對較小的工業(yè)或家用鍋爐，燃燒無硫天然氣，因此燃燒產(chǎn)物不含硫酸，并且可以在傳熱表面上冷凝而沒有腐蝕的危險。 |
| Conditioning heat treatment | 調(diào)質(zhì)熱處理 |
A preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for desired reaction to a subsequent heat treatment. For the term to be meaningful, the exact heat treatment must be specified. 用于制備材料的初步熱處理，以便對隨后的熱處理進行所需的反應。為了使該術(shù)語有意義，必須指定確切的熱處理。 |
| Conduit | 導管 |
A hollow object, of metal, plastic, glass, ceramic, etc., which is relatively long compared with its lateral dimensions and through which there is fluid flow. 由金屬、塑料、玻璃、陶瓷等制成的中空物體，與其橫向尺寸相比相對較長，并且有流體流過。 |
| Cone clutch | 錐形離合器 |
A friction clutch in which an internal cone moves axially in or out of engagement with an external cone. One or both surfaces is lined with high-friction material. 一種摩擦離合器，其中內(nèi)錐與外錐軸向嚙合或脫離嚙合。一個或兩個表面襯有高摩擦材料。 |
| Cone pulley | 錐輪 |
A stepped pulley having several diameters which, when linked by a laterallymoveable transmission belt to a corresponding pulley, gives a series of speed ratios. 具有多種直徑的階梯式皮帶輪，當通過可橫向移動的傳動帶連接到相應的皮帶輪時，會產(chǎn)生一系列速比。 |
| Congruent melting point (Unit K) | 全等熔點（單位K） |
congruent melting point (Unit K) The temperature at which a solid substance at a specified pressure changes phase to a liquid of identical composition. 一致的熔點（單位K）固體物質(zhì)在特定壓力下相變?yōu)榫哂邢嗤煞值囊后w時的溫度。 |
| Congruent transformation | 全等變換 |
An isothermal or isobaric phase change in which both of the phases concerned have the same composition throughout the process. 等溫或等壓相變，其中相關(guān)的兩個相在整個過程中具有相同的成分。 |
| Connecting rod | 連桿 |
(con rod) A link that transmits power from one system to another, often changing linear to rotary motion, as in the rod connecting the piston to the crankshaft in a reciprocating compressor or pump or to the crankshaft in an internal-combustion engine, as in the diagram. The big end (bottom end) is the larger end that connects to the bearing on one of the crankpins of the crankshaft. The little end (small end) is joined by a gudgeon pin to the piston. （連桿）將動力從一個系統(tǒng)傳遞到另一個系統(tǒng)的連桿，通常由線性運動變?yōu)樾D(zhuǎn)運動，如圖所示，連桿將活塞連接到往復式壓縮機或泵的曲軸或內(nèi)燃機的曲軸上。大端（底端）是連接到曲軸一個曲柄銷上軸承的大端。小端（小端）通過活塞銷連接到活塞上。 |
| Constant life diagram | 恒定壽命圖 |
A plot of experimentally derived fatigue-life data; perhaps the most complex and complete of the popular charts used to represent such data. 實驗得出的疲勞壽命數(shù)據(jù)圖；可能是用于表示此類數(shù)據(jù)的最復雜和最完整的流行圖表。 |
| Constant-force spring | 恒力彈簧 |
A spring that has the same restoring force regardless of displacement. The most common type takes the form of a coiled strip that, owing to tight coiling during manufacture, is pre-stressed (a steel measuring tape is an example). The uncoiling force is approximately constant as the change of curvature of the strip is approximately constant. Not to be confused with a clockwork spring from which power can be obtained. 無論位移如何，具有相同恢復力的彈簧。最常見的類型是卷繞帶，由于制造過程中的緊密卷繞，該卷繞帶是預應力的（鋼卷尺就是一個例子）。隨著帶材曲率的變化近似恒定，開卷力近似恒定。不要與可獲得動力的發(fā)條彈簧混淆。 |
| Constant-mesh gearbox | 恒嚙合齒輪箱 |
A gearbox in which the pairs of gears giving different speed ratios are constantly in mesh, different ratios being obtained by? connecting or disconnecting the relevant gear to the driving shaft. 一種齒輪箱，其中提供不同速比的齒輪對始終嚙合，通過將相關(guān)齒輪連接或斷開驅(qū)動軸獲得不同的速比。 |
| Constant-velocity universal joint | 等速萬向節(jié) |
(CV joint, homokinetic joint) A connexion that transmits constant angular velocity between two shafts that are neither necessarily in line nor whose axial position is necessarily fixed. （CV關(guān)節(jié)，勻速關(guān)節(jié)）在兩個軸之間傳遞恒定角速度的連接，這兩個軸既不必在一條直線上，也不必固定其軸向位置。 |
| constitutive equation | 本構(gòu)方程 |
(constitutive relation) 1. In solid mechanics or fluid mechanics, an algebraic or numerical relation for the dependency of stress on deformation, strain, strain rate, temperature, etc. in a material. In solid mechanics such a relation is sometimes called an equation of state. Simple linear examples include Hooke’s law and Newton’s viscosity law. 2. In heat transfer, a relation, such as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, connecting heat flux with temperature gradient. （本構(gòu)關(guān)系）1.在固體力學或流體力學中，應力與材料的變形、應變、應變率、溫度等之間的代數(shù)或數(shù)值關(guān)系。在固體力學中，這種關(guān)系有時稱為狀態(tài)方程。簡單的線性例子包括胡克定律和牛頓粘度定律。2.在傳熱學中，將熱流與溫度梯度聯(lián)系起來的一種關(guān)系，如傅立葉熱傳導定律。 |
| Contact strength (Unit N) | 接觸強度（單位N） |
The maximum allowable load between contacting bodies converted into a stress. 換算成應力的接觸體之間的最大允許載荷。 |
| Continuous precipitation | 連續(xù)沉淀 |
Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution in which the precipitate particles grow by longrange diffusion without recrystallization of the matrix. Continuous precipitates grow from nuclei distributed more or less uniformly throughout the matrix. They usually are randomly oriented, but may form a Widmanst?tten structure. 來自過飽和固溶體的沉淀，其中沉淀顆粒通過長程擴散生長而無需基質(zhì)再結(jié)晶。連續(xù)析出物從在整個基體中或多或少均勻分布的核生長而來。它們通常是隨機取向的，但可能形成魏氏結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Continuous-type furnace | 連續(xù)式爐 |
A furnace used for heat treating materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being discharged from another. See belt furnac, direct-fired tunnel-type furnac, rotary retort furnace, shaker-hearth furnace. 一種用于熱處理材料的爐子，該爐子連續(xù)通過爐子，進入一個門并從另一個門排出。參見帶式高爐、直燃隧道式高爐、旋轉(zhuǎn)罐式爐、振動爐。 |
| Controlled cooling | 控制冷卻 |
Cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner, to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal damage, or to produce desired microstructure or mechanical properties. 以預定方式從升高的溫度冷卻，以避免硬化、開裂或內(nèi)部損壞，或產(chǎn)生所需的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)或機械性能。 |
| Cooling coil | 冷卻盤管 |
A simple heat exchanger consisting of a coiled tube, typically of copper or stainless steel, through which is circulated a coolant such as a refrigerant, chilled water, or water mixed with ethylene glycol. Applications include air conditioning, process cooling, and refrigeration. 一種簡單的熱交換器，由通常由銅或不銹鋼制成的盤管組成，冷卻劑如制冷劑、冷凍水或與乙二醇混合的水通過盤管循環(huán)。應用包括空調(diào)、工藝冷卻和制冷。 |
| Cooling curve | 冷卻曲線 |
A curve showing the relation between time and temperature during the cooling of a material. 顯示材料冷卻過程中時間和溫度之間關(guān)系的曲線。 |
| Cooling stresses | 冷卻應力 |
Residual stresses resulting from nonuniform distribution of temperature during cooling. 冷卻過程中溫度分布不均勻?qū)е碌臍堄鄳Α?/td> |
| Core | 核心 |
In a ferrous alloy prepared for case hardening, that portion of the alloy that is not part of the case . Typically considered to be the portion that (a) appears light on an etched cross section, (b) has an essentially unaltered chemical composition, or (c) has a hardness, after hardening, less than a specified value. 在為表面硬化而制備的鐵合金中，合金中不屬于表面的那部分。通常被認為是（a）在蝕刻橫截面上看起來很輕，（b）化學成分基本不變，或（c）硬化后硬度低于規(guī)定值的那部分。 |
| Corrosion | 腐蝕 |
The deterioration of an exposed metal surface due to electrochemical oxidation with its surroundings. In the oxidation reaction, metal atoms give up electrons which are transferred to form another chemical species by a reduction reaction, usually with hydrogen and/or oxygen. A common example is the formation of the iron oxide rust Fe(OH)3 on iron or steel in moist air or water. Rust breaks away easily, exposing fresh iron to the atmosphere, whereas the corrosion product of some metals forms an adherent layer that prevents further oxidation reaction at fresh metal, an effect known as passivation. Examples include aluminium oxide on aluminium, chromium oxide on chromium, chromium oxide on alloys containing chromium such as stainless steels, and the patina formed on copper and zinc. Corrosion protection takes many forms. Good design to avoid crevices and stress is important. In some situations, substances known as inhibitors may be added to the environment to decrease its corrosiveness. The electrochemical nature of corrosion results in some metals having a greater tendency for oxidation than others. Zinc has a stronger tendency than iron and this is made use of in galvanizing. This is one example of cathodic protection, in which one metal is connected electrically to a more reactive metal, called a sacrificial anode, that oxidizes by giving up electrons and so protects the first metal. Coatings may be used to resist corrosion. Paints, plating, and diffusion coatings are the most common and the electrochemical process of anodizing is used to deliberately form a passive layer of oxide on aluminium alloys. Material selection plays a major role. For example, stainless steels with their high chromium content are widely used in corrosive environments. 暴露的金屬表面由于與周圍環(huán)境的電化學氧化而劣化。在氧化反應中，金屬原子放棄電子，這些電子通過還原反應（通常與氫和/或氧）轉(zhuǎn)移形成另一種化學物質(zhì)。一個常見的例子是在潮濕的空氣或水中在鐵或鋼上形成氧化鐵銹Fe(OH)3。鐵銹很容易脫落，將新鮮鐵暴露在大氣中，而一些金屬的腐蝕產(chǎn)物形成一層粘附層，防止新鮮金屬發(fā)生進一步的氧化反應，這種效果稱為鈍化。實例包括鋁上的氧化鋁、鉻上的氧化鉻、含鉻合金上的氧化鉻如不銹鋼，以及銅和鋅上形成的銅綠。腐蝕防護有多種形式。避免裂縫和應力的良好設計非常重要。在某些情況下，可以向環(huán)境中添加稱為抑制劑的物質(zhì)，以降低其腐蝕性。腐蝕的電化學性質(zhì)導致一些金屬比其他金屬具有更大的氧化傾向。鋅比鐵具有更強的傾向性，這可用于鍍鋅。這是陰極保護的一個例子，其中一種金屬與活性更強的金屬（稱為犧牲陽極）電連接，犧牲陽極通過釋放電子進行氧化，從而保護第一種金屬。涂層可用于抗腐蝕。油漆、電鍍和擴散涂層是最常見的，陽極氧化的電化學過程用于有意在鋁合金上形成一層鈍化氧化物。材料選擇起著重要作用。例如，鉻含量高的不銹鋼廣泛用于腐蝕性環(huán)境。 |
| Corrosion cell | 腐蝕電池 |
A natural ‘‘battery’’ formed when two metals having different electrical potentials (an Anode and a Cathode) are connected together in the presence of a liquid (the Electrolyte). 當兩種具有不同電勢的金屬（陽極和陰極）在液體（電解質(zhì)）存在下連接在一起時形成的天然“電池”。 |
| Corrosion failure | 腐蝕失效 |
1. The failure of a component or structure after corrosion has reduced the load-bearing area to an unsupportable level. 2. A situation in which a mechanism cannot function owing to corrosion products preventing free movement at joints. 1、部件或結(jié)構(gòu)在腐蝕后失效，使承重面積減少到無法支撐的程度。2.由于腐蝕產(chǎn)物阻止關(guān)節(jié)處的自由運動，導致機構(gòu)無法運行的情況。 |
| Corrosion fatigue | 腐蝕疲勞 |
Cracking produced by the combined action of repeated or fluctuating stress and a corrosive environment at lower stress levels or fewer cycles than would be required in the absence of a corrosive environment. 由重復或波動的應力和腐蝕環(huán)境的聯(lián)合作用產(chǎn)生的開裂，其應力水平低于沒有腐蝕環(huán)境時所需的應力水平或循環(huán)次數(shù)更少。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蝕磨損 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 與環(huán)境發(fā)生顯著化學或電化學反應的磨損。 |
| Cotter pin | 開口銷 |
(cotter) 1. A tapered wedge or pin passing through a tapered slot or hole in one member and bearing against a second member to fix it in location. 2. A split cotter is commonly called a split pin. A pin with two legs. With legs together, the pin is placed through the hole in a clevis pin. The legs are then opened outward to prevent the cotter pin from backing out of the hole. The cotter pin, in turn, prevents the load-bearing clevis pin from backing out of its retaining hole. （開口）1.錐形楔子或銷釘穿過一個構(gòu)件中的錐形槽或孔，并支撐在第二個構(gòu)件上以將其固定到位。2.開口開口通常稱為開口銷。相當于有兩條腿的別針，將支腿放在一起，銷釘穿過U形夾銷上的孔。然后將支腿向外打開以防止開口銷從孔中退出。開口銷反過來防止承重U形夾銷從其固定孔中退出。 |
| Counter sink | 臺面水槽 |
To cut or shape a depression in an object so that the head of a screw may set flush or below the surface. 在物體上切割或塑造一個凹陷，使螺釘?shù)念^部可以齊平或低于表面。 |
| Countersinking | 埋頭孔 |
The flaring out of the rim of a drilled hole to form a truncated conical depression to receive a screw having a conical head, thus giving a flush fitting. 從鉆孔的邊緣向外張開以形成截錐形凹陷，以容納具有錐形頭的螺釘，從而提供齊平的配件。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一種形成關(guān)節(jié)的可拆卸機構(gòu)。關(guān)節(jié)的兩個組件的連接器。1.連接兩個或多個軸或機構(gòu)部件的任何機械緊固件，以傳遞動力。2.連接兩輛車的裝置。 |
| Crack | 裂縫 |
A thin fissure-like defect in a component or structure across which material continuity is lost and which reduces the strength of the body. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)中的細裂縫狀缺陷，材料連續(xù)性喪失并降低了身體的強度。 |
| Crack arrest | 止裂 |
Crack propagation that stops of its own accord when the energy release rate of the loaded component or structure falls below a critical value. If predictable, it can be incorporated into structural-integrity assessments. 當加載部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的能量釋放率低于臨界值時，裂紋自行停止擴展。如果可以預測，可以將其納入結(jié)構(gòu)完整性評估。 |
| Crack length (depth) (a) | 裂紋長度（深度）（a） |
In fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, the physical crack size used to determine the crack growth rate and the stress-intensity factor. For the compact-type specimen, crack length is measured from the line connecting the bearing points of load application. For the center-cracked-tension specimen, crack length is measured from the perpendicular bisector of the central crack. 在疲勞和應力腐蝕裂紋中，用于確定裂紋擴展速率和應力強度因子的物理裂紋尺寸。對于緊湊型試樣，裂紋長度從連接載荷施加點的線開始測量。對于中心裂紋拉伸試樣，從中心裂紋的垂直平分線測量裂紋長度。 |
| Crack size (a) | 裂紋尺寸（a） |
A lineal measure of a principal planar dimension of a crack. This measure is commonly used in the calculation of quantities descriptive of the stress and displacement fields. In practice, the value of crack size is obtained from procedures for measurement of physical crack size, original crack size, or effective crack size, as appropriate to the situation under consideration. 裂紋主平面尺寸的線性度量。這種測量通常用于計算描述應力場和位移場的量。在實踐中，裂紋尺寸的值是通過測量物理裂紋尺寸、原始裂紋尺寸或有效裂紋尺寸的程序獲得的，視情況而定。 |
| Crack-extension force (G) | 裂紋擴展力（G） |
The elastic energy per unit of new separation area that would be made available at the front of an ideal crack in an elastic solid during a virtual increment of forward crack extension. 在向前裂紋擴展的虛擬增量期間，在彈性固體中理想裂紋的前端可獲得的每單位新分離面積的彈性能量。 |
| Crack-extension resistance (KR) | 抗裂擴展性（KR） |
A measure of the resistance of a material to crack extension, expressed in terms of the stress-intensity factor, the crack-extension force, or values of Jderived using the J-integral concept. 材料對裂紋擴展的抵抗力的量度，以應力強度因子、裂紋擴展力或使用J積分概念導出的J值表示。 |
| Crack-growth rate | 裂紋增長速度 |
Rate of propagation of a crack through a material due to statically or dynamically applied load. 由于靜態(tài)或動態(tài)施加的載荷，裂紋在材料中的擴展速率。 |
| Crank angle (Unit °) | 曲柄角度（單位°） |
The angle between the crank of a slider-crank mechanism and a line from the crankshaft centreline to the piston axis. 曲柄滑塊機構(gòu)的曲柄與曲軸中心線到活塞軸線的直線之間的角度。 |
| Crank pin | 曲柄銷 |
It is a short shaft parallel to the axis of the crankshaft but radially offset from it, to which is attached the big end of a connecting rod in a bearing. Sometimes the crank pin is supported at one end only (a wrist pin) but in built-up or one-piece forged crankshafts, the crank pin is supported by thick plates (crank arms, crank webs) at either end. 它是一個短軸，平行于曲軸的軸線，但徑向偏移，軸承中連桿的大端連接到該短軸上。有時曲柄銷僅在一端支撐（腕銷），在組合式或整體鍛造曲軸中，曲柄銷在兩端由厚板（曲柄臂、曲柄腹板）支撐。 |
| Crankshaft | 曲軸 |
The main shaft, of which the cranks are a part, of a reciprocating single-or multi-cylinder machine. Crankshafts may be built up in sections or forged as a single component. In an engine, the reciprocating motion of the pistons transmits power to the crankshaft and causes it to rotate, whereas in a pump the crankshaft is driven and its rotation causes the pistons to reciprocate. 曲柄是往復式單缸或多缸機器主軸的一部分。曲軸可以分段組裝或作為單個部件鍛造。在發(fā)動機中，活塞的往復運動將動力傳遞給曲軸并使其旋轉(zhuǎn)，而在泵中，曲軸被驅(qū)動，其旋轉(zhuǎn)使活塞往復運動。 |
| Creep | 蠕變 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物體在重載荷下緩慢的塑性變形，隨時間變化的可塑性，材料在恒定載荷或應力下隨時間變化的永久變形。應變隨時間以隨溫度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕變可能導致大應變和最終失效，從而限制部件在高溫下承受載荷的壽命。當同源溫度超過約0.4℃時，金屬蠕變變得顯著，例如鎢為1200℃，鈦為504℃，鐵為450℃，鋁為100℃。 |
| Creep fatigue | 蠕變疲勞 |
The effects of combined creep and fatigue at high homologous temperatures in metals, and in other materials such as polymers having time-dependent behaviour. 金屬和其他材料（例如具有時間相關(guān)行為的聚合物）在高同源溫度下的組合蠕變和疲勞的影響。 |
| Creep limit (Unit Pa) | 蠕變極限（單位Pa） |
The maximum allowable stress under the action of which creep deformation of a material does not exceed a specified limit. 材料在其作用下的蠕變變形不超過規(guī)定限度的最大許用應力。 |
| Creep modulus (Unit Pa) | 蠕變模量（單位Pa） |
The ratio of stress/strain at a chosen strain level obtained from creep tests, often plotted against time to show changes in stiffness. 從蠕變測試中獲得的選定應變水平下的應力/應變比，通常隨時間繪制以顯示剛度的變化。 |
| Creep rupture strength (Unit Pa) | 蠕變斷裂強度（單位Pa） |
The fracture stress at the end of a creep test in metals and polymers, often plotted against time to give a stress-rupture curve. 金屬和聚合物蠕變試驗結(jié)束時的斷裂應力，通常與時間作圖以給出應力-斷裂曲線。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕變時間關(guān)系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定應力下蠕變應變與時間之間的代數(shù)或數(shù)值關(guān)系。 |
| Crest | 波峰 |
The highest point of a wave or of a screw thread. 波浪或螺紋的最高點。 |
| Crest clearance (Unit m) | 頂隙（單位米） |
For screw threads and gearing, the radial clearance between the crest of a thread (or gear) and the root of the engaging thread (or gear). 對于螺紋和齒輪，螺紋（或齒輪）的頂部與嚙合螺紋（或齒輪）的根部之間的徑向間隙。 |
| Crest of screw thread | 螺紋牙頂 |
The top surface joining the two sides of flanks of a thread. 連接螺紋牙側(cè)兩側(cè)的頂面。 |
| Critical compression ratio | 臨界壓縮比 |
1. The compression ratio for incipient knock of hydrocarbon fuels as determined in a variable-compression single-cylinder piston engine. 2. The compression ratio at which an air–fuel mixture will spontaneously ignite due to the temperature increase produced. 1.在可變壓縮單缸活塞發(fā)動機中確定的烴類燃料初期爆震的壓縮比。2.空氣-燃料混合物由于產(chǎn)生的溫度升高而自燃的壓縮比。 |
| Critical cooling rate | 臨界冷卻速度 |
The rate of continuous cooling required to prevent undesirable transformation. For steel, it is the minimum rate at which austenite must be continuously cooled to suppress transformations above the Ms temperature. 防止不期望的轉(zhuǎn)變所需的連續(xù)冷卻速率。對于鋼，它是奧氏體必須持續(xù)冷卻以抑制Ms溫度以上的轉(zhuǎn)變的最小速率。 |
| Critical crack length (Unit m) | 臨界裂紋長度（單位米） |
The crack length at which a given stress applied to a body will result in crack propagation and fracture. 施加到物體上的給定應力將導致裂紋擴展和斷裂的裂紋長度。 |
| Critical diameter | 臨界直徑 |
(D) Diameter of the bar that can be fully hardened with 50% martensite at its center. （D）中心有50%馬氏體可完全硬化的棒材直徑。 |
| Critical load (Unit N) | 臨界負荷（單位N） |
1. The applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. The applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.導致已知長度的現(xiàn)有裂紋擴展并因此導致部件或結(jié)構(gòu)斷裂的施加荷載。2.導致具有給定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷載。 |
| Critical point | 臨界點 |
(1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase or physical properties occurs. Same as transformation temperature. (2) In an equilibrium diagram, that specific value of composition, temperature and pressure, or combinations thereof, at which the phases of a heterogeneous system are in equilibrium. （1） 晶體結(jié)構(gòu)、相或物理性質(zhì)發(fā)生變化的溫度或壓力。與轉(zhuǎn)變溫度相同。（2） 在平衡圖中，指組成、溫度和壓力或其組合的特定值，在該值下，多相體系的相處于平衡狀態(tài)。 |
| Critical strain | 臨界應變 |
The strain just sufficient to cause recrystallization; because the strain is small, usually only a few percent, recrystallization takes place from only a few nuclei, which produces a recrystallized structure consisting of very large grains. 剛好足以引起再結(jié)晶的應變；由于應變很小，通常只有百分之幾，再結(jié)晶只發(fā)生在少數(shù)核上，從而產(chǎn)生由非常大的晶粒組成的再結(jié)晶結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Critical temperature | 臨界溫度 |
(1) Synonymous with critical point if the pressure is constant. (2) The temperature above which the vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure. （1） 如果壓力恒定，則與臨界點同義。（2） 高于該溫度時，氣相不能通過壓力升高而冷凝為液體。 |
| Critical temperature ranges | 臨界溫度范圍 |
Synonymous with transformation ranges, which is the preferred term. 與轉(zhuǎn)換范圍同義，這是首選術(shù)語。 |
| Crossed threads | 交叉螺紋 |
When the axis of a nut offered up to a bolt is not aligned with the axis of a bolt (or a screw to a threaded member), it may be possible for the threads to engage incorrectly and even for the nut or screw to advance a turn or more, but ultimately the misaligned threads become locked together. Forcing the nut in such circumstances may irretrievably damage the threads on both. 當提供給螺栓的螺母的軸線與螺栓（或螺紋構(gòu)件的螺釘）的軸線不對齊時，螺紋可能會錯誤接合，甚至螺母或螺釘會提前一圈或更多，但最終未對齊的螺紋會鎖定在一起。在這種情況下強行擰入螺母可能會對兩側(cè)的螺紋造成無法修復的損壞。 |
| Crosshead | 十字頭 |
1. A reciprocating member, sliding between guides, to which the piston rod is firmly attached on one side and to which the connecting rod is pinned on the other for the conversion of reciprocating into rotary motion. 2. The moveable beam in early designs of mechanical testing machines. 3. A screwhead having slots in a + shape that takes a mating screwdriver. 1.一種往復式構(gòu)件，在導軌之間滑動，活塞桿一側(cè)固定在其上，連桿另一側(cè)固定在該構(gòu)件上，用于將往復式運動轉(zhuǎn)換為旋轉(zhuǎn)運動。2.機械試驗機早期設計中的活動梁。3.一種螺釘頭，其具有采用配合螺絲刀的+形槽。 |
| Crushing strain | 壓應變 |
The supposed single strain that results in comminution of a brittle material. The corresponding stress is termed the crushing strength. Neither quantity can be a material constant as they must obey the laws of fracture mechanics and will depend on the type of testpiece, method of loading etc. 導致脆性材料粉碎的假定單應變。相應的應力稱為抗壓強度。這兩個量都不能是材料常數(shù)，因為它們必須遵守斷裂力學定律，并取決于試件類型、加載方法等。 |
| Crystalline defects | 結(jié)晶缺陷 |
The deviations from a perfect three-dimensional atomic packing that are responsible for much of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials. Crystal defects can be point defects (dislocations) or surface defects (vacancies), line defects (dislocations), or surface defects (grain boundaries). 與完美的三維原子堆積的偏差是造成材料的大部分結(jié)構(gòu)敏感特性的原因。晶體缺陷可以是點缺陷（位錯）或表面缺陷（空位）、線缺陷（位錯）或表面缺陷（晶界）。 |
| Crystalline fracture | 結(jié)晶斷裂 |
A pattern of brightly reflecting crystal facets on the fracture surface of a polycrystalline metal, resulting from cleavage fracture of many individual crystals. 多晶金屬斷裂面上明亮反射的晶面圖案，由許多單個晶體的解理斷裂產(chǎn)生。 |
| Cup washer | 杯形墊圈 |
A dished leather or neoprene washer fitted to the rod end in some piston-style pumps. 在某些活塞式泵中，安裝在桿端的碟形皮革或氯丁橡膠墊圈。 |
| Curie temperature | 居里溫度 |
The temperature of magnetic transformation below which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is paramagnetic. 磁性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度，低于此溫度金屬或合金為鐵磁性，高于此溫度則為順磁性。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一種表面硬化工藝，將含鐵材料在含氰化物的熔融鹽中加熱至低于較低轉(zhuǎn)變范圍，使其表面同時吸收碳和氮，并通過擴散形成濃度梯度。淬火硬化完成該過程。 |
| Cycle annealing | 循環(huán)退火 |
An annealing process employing a predetermined and closely controlled time-temperature cycle to produce specific properties or microstructures. 采用預定且嚴格控制的時間-溫度循環(huán)來產(chǎn)生特定性能或微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的退火工藝。 |
| Cylinder head | 氣缸蓋 |
The machined casting, typically of aluminium alloy or cast iron, that fits above the cylinder block of a piston engine and closes off the cylinders. It normally includes part of the combustion chambers and holes for the valves and spark plugs. 活塞式發(fā)動機缸體上方的機械鑄件，通常由鋁合金或鑄鐵制成，用于封閉氣缸。它通常包括燃燒室的一部分以及閥門和火花塞的孔。 |