| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Face | 表平面 |
To machine a flat surface perpendicular to the axis at rotation on a lathe. 在車床上加工一個垂直于旋轉軸的平面。 |
| Fahrenheit | 華氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (32oF) and the boiling point of water (212oF). The interval between these points is divided into 180 equal parts. Although replaced by the Celsius scale, the Fahrenheit scale is still sometimes used for non-scientific measurements. 溫標基于水的冰點（32oF）和水的沸點（212oF）。這些點之間的間隔被分成180等份。盡管被攝氏刻度所取代，華氏刻度有時仍用于非科學測量。 |
| Failure | 失效 |
The result when a body, component, or structure is incapable of performing the task for which it was designed. The term is often used without reference to what causes failure, such as fracture, buckling, excessive deformation, wear, or erosion. Failure criteria (failure theories, theories of strength) are mathematical expressions for the combinations of stress, strain, or strain energy at which materials fail, which are employed in design to dimension components. 主體、部件或結構無法執行其設計任務時的結果。該術語通常未提及導致失效的原因，如斷裂、屈曲、過度變形、磨損或侵蝕。失效準則（失效理論、強度理論）是材料失效時應力、應變或應變能組合的數學表達式，用于部件尺寸設計。 |
| Failure of the bolt | 螺栓失效 |
Term implying that the bolt has broken or the threads have stripped. There can be many reasons for this. 表示螺栓斷裂或螺紋脫落的術語。原因可能有很多種。 |
| Failure of the joint | 連接失效 |
Failure of a bolted joint to behave as intended by the designer. Failure can be caused or accompanied by broken or lost bolts, but can also mean joint slip or leakage from a gasketed joint even if all bolts still remain whole and in place. Common reasons for joint failure include vibration loosening, poor assembly practices, improper design, unexpected service loads or conditions, etc. 螺栓連接未達到設計者的預期性能。故障可能由螺栓斷裂或丟失引起或伴隨而來，但也可能意味著即使所有螺栓仍保持完整和就位，也存在接頭滑動或墊圈接頭泄漏。接頭故障的常見原因包括振動松動、裝配不當、設計不當、意外的工作負載或條件等。 |
| Fastener | 緊固件 |
A fastener is a mechanical device for holding two or more bodies in definite positions with respect to each other. 緊固件是一種機械裝置，用于將兩個或多個物體相對于彼此固定在確定的位置。 |
| Fastener identification marking | 緊固件識別標記 |
A stamp, paint, or other permanent identifier that may include manufacturer information and applicable grade markings for certification purposes. 印章、油漆或其他永久性標識符，其中可能包括制造商信息和用于認證的適用等級標記。 |
| Fastener manufacturer | 緊固件制造商 |
An organization that fabricates raw steel into a fastener meeting specified standards. 將生鋼加工成符合規定標準的緊固件的組織。 |
| Fastener quality | 緊固件質量 |
A fastener’s adherence to its specification for dimensional tolerances, mechanical properties, and other requirements stated under applicable standards. 緊固件對尺寸公差、機械性能和適用標準規定的其他要求的規范的遵守情況。 |
| Fastener specification | 緊固件規格 |
A precise statement of set requirements to be satisfied by a fastener, its material, or its processing. It also indicates the procedure used to determine whether the requirements given are satisfied. 對緊固件、其材料或加工過程要滿足的設定要求的精確陳述。它還指出了用于確定是否滿足給定要求的程序。 |
| Fastener standard | 緊固件標準 |
A document which details the attributes of a finished fastener and includes such characteristics as geometry, material or chemistry, heat treatment, finish, testing lot size, and packaging. 詳細說明緊固件屬性的文件，包括幾何形狀、材料或化學、熱處理、表面處理、測試批量和包裝等特性。 |
| Fastener testing | 緊固件測試 |
A determination or verification that the fastener meets its specification requirements. 確定或驗證緊固件符合其規范要求。 |
| Fastener with reduced shank | 短柄緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d2. 柄徑為ds≈d2的緊固件。 |
| Fastener with waisted shank | 帶腰柄的緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds < d2. 柄徑ds |
| Fatigue | 疲勞 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料極限抗拉強度的重復或波動應力下導致斷裂的現象。疲勞失效通常發生在靜態施加的載荷下，不會產生明顯影響。疲勞斷裂是漸進性的，從在波動應力作用下生長的微小裂紋開始。在承受隨機或周期性變化載荷的部件和結構中，指強度逐漸降低，導致在低于單調載荷下導致失效的應力下發生失效的術語。可變負載由失衡的機械和其他振動源、陣風等引起，大部分故障是由疲勞引起的。疲勞是裂紋萌生和緩慢擴展的結果。在制造部件中，裂紋萌生通常發生在應力集中點。在一段時間（通常是數百萬次應力循環）后，裂紋達到臨界長度，此時下一個峰值載荷會導致突然脆性或韌性斷裂。疲勞產生的斷裂表面在緩慢裂紋擴展期間顯示出從裂紋萌生部位發出的特征條紋或進展標記，最終斷裂的表面外觀不同。 |
| Fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) | 疲勞裂紋擴展率（da/dN） |
The rate of crack extension caused by constant-amplitude fatigue loading, expressed in terms of crack extension per cycle of load application. 恒幅疲勞荷載引起的裂紋擴展速率，以每次荷載施加循環的裂紋擴展表示。 |
| Fatigue failure | 疲勞失效 |
Failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 當經歷疲勞的試樣完全斷裂成兩部分或因熱加熱或開裂而軟化或剛度顯著降低時發生的失效。 |
| Fatigue life (N) | 疲勞壽命（N） |
The number of cycles of stress or strain of a specified character that a given specimen sustains before failure occurs. 給定試樣在失效發生之前所承受的特定特征的應力或應變的循環次數。 |
| Fatigue life for p % survival | p%存活率的疲勞壽命 |
An estimate of the fatigue life that p% of the population would attain or exceed at a given stress level. The observed value of the median fatigue life estimates the fatigue life for 50% survival. Fatigue life for p% survival values, where p is any number, such as 95, 90, etc., may also be estimated from the individual fatigue life values. p%存活在給定應力水平下達到或超過的疲勞壽命估計值。中值疲勞壽命的觀察值估計了50%存活率的疲勞壽命。p%存活值的疲勞壽命，其中p為任何數字，如95、90等，也可根據單個疲勞壽命值進行估算。 |
| Fatigue limit | 疲勞極限 |
The maximum stress that presumably leads to fatigue fracture in a specified number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. Compare with endurance limit. 在指定數量的應力循環中可能導致疲勞斷裂的最大應力。還應說明最大應力值和應力比。與耐力極限比較。 |
| Fatigue limit for p % survival | p%存活率的疲勞極限 |
The limiting value of fatigue strength for p%survival as the number of stress cycles becomes very large; pmay be any number, such as 95, 90, etc. 隨著應力循環次數的增加，p%存活率的疲勞強度極限值變得非常大；p可以是任何數字，例如95、90等。 |
| Fatigue notch factor (Kf) | 疲勞缺口系數（Kf） |
The ratio of the fatigue strength of an unnotched specimen to the fatigue strength of a notched specimen of the same material and condition; both strengths are determined at the same number of stress cycles. 無缺口試樣的疲勞強度與相同材料和條件的有缺口試樣的疲勞強度之比；兩種強度都是在相同數量的應力循環下確定的。 |
| Fatigue strength | 疲勞強度 |
The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of stress. The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. 金屬在指定數量的應力循環變化下可以承受的應力。可以在指定的循環次數內持續而不失效的最大應力。還應說明最大應力值和應力比。 |
| Fatigue striations | 疲勞條紋 |
Parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope fractographs or fatigue-fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress variation. 在電子顯微鏡斷口圖或疲勞斷口表面中經常觀察到平行線。這些線橫向于局部裂紋擴展方向；連續線之間的距離表示在一個應力變化周期內裂紋前沿的前進。 |
| Fatigue test | 疲勞測試 |
A method for determining the range of alternating (fluctuating)stresses a material can withstand without failing. 一種確定材料可以承受而不會失效的交變（波動）應力范圍的方法。 |
| Fatigue wear | 疲勞磨損 |
Wear of a solid surface caused by fracture arising from material fatigue. 由材料疲勞引起的斷裂引起的固體表面磨損。 |
| Feather key | 滑鍵 |
A parallel key fastened in either the shaft or in the hub of a member sliding on it. When fastened in the shaft, it must be long enough to hold or drive the sliding member in any of its positions on the shaft. When in the sliding member the key need only be as long as the hub. 一種平行鍵，固定在軸上或在其上滑動的構件的輪轂上。當固定在軸上時，其長度必須足以將滑動構件固定或驅動在軸上的任何位置。當處于滑動構件中時，鍵只需與輪轂一樣長。 |
| Ferralium | 鐵素體鋼 |
Ferralium is a type of Super Duplex Stainless Steel which is optimised for use within fasteners. 一種超級雙相不銹鋼，經過優化用于緊固件。 |
| Ferrite | 鐵素體 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in body-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (for instance, as chromium ferrite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. On some equilibrium diagrams, there are two ferrite regions separated by an austenite area. The lower area is alpha ferrite; the upper, delta ferrite. If there is no designation, alpha ferrite is assumed. 一種或多種元素在體心立方鐵中的固溶體。除非另有說明（例如，鐵酸鉻），否則通常假定溶質為碳。在一些平衡圖上，有兩個鐵素體區域被一個奧氏體區域隔開。下部區域為α鐵素體；上部，δ鐵氧體。如果沒有指定，則假定為 α 鐵氧體。 |
| Ferritic decarburization | 鐵素體脫碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient loss of carbon to cause a lighter shade of tempered martensite and a significantly lower hardness than that of the adjacent base metal, with the presence of ferrite grains or grain boundary network under metallographic examination. 脫碳，碳損失充分，導致回火馬氏體顏色較淺，硬度明顯低于相鄰母材，金相檢查時存在鐵素體晶粒或晶界網絡。 |
| Ferritic stainless steels | 鐵素體不銹鋼 |
Ferritic stainless steels have the ferrite (BCC) crystal structure and contain 10–28% chromium and typically 0.1–0.35% carbon (all in wt%). They are magnetic and can be hardened by cold working. They have good to moderate mechanical properties, good oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, and susceptibility to embrittlement at temperatures between 400 and 540°C. Used for turbine parts, hightemperature valves, automotive exhaust components, and nuclear reactor core components. 鐵素體不銹鋼具有鐵素體（BCC）晶體結構，含有10-28%的鉻，通常含有0.1-0.35%的碳（均為重量%）。它們具有磁性，可通過冷加工硬化。它們具有良好至中等的機械性能，在高溫下具有良好的抗氧化性和耐腐蝕性，在400至540°C的溫度下易脆化。用于渦輪零件、高溫閥、汽車排氣部件和核反應堆堆芯部件。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 鐵素體化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 給予鑄態灰鐵或球墨鑄鐵以產生基本鐵素體基體的處理。為了使該術語有意義，必須指定所需的最終微觀結構或使用的時間-溫度循環。 |
| Fibreglass | 玻璃纖維 |
Fibreglass is used in studs and nuts for applications when the fastener should be non-corrosive, low in conductivity, or transparent to electromagnetic waves. 當緊固件應無腐蝕性、低導電性或對電磁波透明時，玻璃纖維用于螺柱和螺母中。 |
| Fillet | 圓角 |
Transition region between bolt head and shank, or between other changes in diameter. 螺栓頭和螺栓桿之間的過渡區域，或其他直徑變化之間的過渡區域。 |
| Fillet radius | 圓角半徑 |
Concave junction at two intersecting surfaces of a fastener. Often used to describe the junction between the head and the? shank of a threaded fastener (under head fillet). 在緊固件的兩個相交表面處的凹形接合處。通常用于描述螺紋緊固件的頭部和柄部之間的連接處（頭部圓角下方）。 |
| Fillister head | 槽頭 |
Similar to a pan head but with a smaller head diameter and a taller head, with higher vertical sides. 類似于盤頭，但頭部直徑較小，頭部較高，垂直邊較高。 |
| Fin | 翼 |
A thin projecting rib. 一根細長的凸肋。 |
| Fin neck carriage bolt | 翼頸圓頭方頸螺栓 |
A plain, circular, oval head bolt with two oppositely located fins to prevent rotation. 一種普通的圓形橢圓頭螺栓，有兩個相對的翼片以防止旋轉。 |
| Final annealing | 最終退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote the last anneal given to a nonferrous alloy prior to shipment. 一個不精確的術語，用于表示有色金屬合金在裝運前的最后一次退火。 |
| Fine pitch | 細牙螺紋 |
Fine pitch threads are often used within the automotive industry. They are more easily tapped into harder materials and have less tendency to loosen. 細螺距螺紋通常用于汽車行業。它們更容易被敲入較硬的材料中，并且不太容易松動。 |
| Finish annealing | 精制退火 |
A subcritical annealing treatment applied to cold-worked low- or medium-carbon steel. Finish annealing, which is a compromise treatment, lowers residual stresses, thereby minimizing the risk of distortion in machining while retaining most of the benefits to machinability contributed by cold working. Compare with final annealing. 適用于冷加工低碳鋼或中碳鋼的亞臨界退火處理。與最終退火相比，精加工退火是一種折衷處理，可降低殘余應力，從而最大限度地降低加工中的變形風險，同時保留冷加工對可加工性的大部分好處。 |
| Finished fastener | 精制緊固件 |
Fastener for which all manufacturing steps have been completed, with or without any surface coating and with full or reduced loadability, and which has not been machined into a test piece. 已完成所有制造步驟的緊固件，有或沒有任何表面涂層，具有完全或降低的承載能力，并且尚未加工成試件。 |
| Finished hexagon bolts | 精制六角螺栓 |
A washer faced or chamfered bearing surface with a close body tolerance. 頭下有墊圈面或倒角，尺寸公差小 |
| Finishing temperature | 終軋溫度 |
The temperature at which hot working is completed. 完成熱加工的溫度。 |
| Finishing washer | 光制墊圈 |
A washer designed for use with countersunk screws. Used to enhance appearance in some applications. 設計用于沉頭螺釘的墊圈。在某些應用中用于增強外觀。 |
| Fit | 裝配 |
The general term used to signify the range of tightness which may result from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of mating parts. 通用術語，用于表示配合零件設計中公差和公差的特定組合可能導致的緊密性范圍。 |
| Fitted bolt | 裝配螺栓 |
A bolt with a plain unthreaded portion immediately beneath the head. 一種螺栓，其頭部正下方有一個普通的無螺紋部分。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通過火焰直接加熱的退火。 |
| Flame hardening | 火焰硬化 |
A process for hardening the surfaces of hardenable ferrous alloys in which an intense flame is used to heat the surface layers above the upper transformation temperature, whereupon the workpiece is immediately quenched. 一種用于硬化可硬化鐵合金表面的工藝，其中使用強烈的火焰將表面層加熱到轉變溫度上限以上，然后立即對工件進行淬火。 |
| Flame straightening | 火焰矯直 |
Correcting distortion in metal structures by localized heating with a gas flame. 通過使用氣體火焰進行局部加熱來糾正金屬結構的變形。 |
| Flange | 法蘭 |
Flange refers to a head style for bolts where there is a circular ‘flange’ under the head that acts like a washer to distribute a load. A flange is a projected flat rim or collar. 1. Annular rims at the ends of pipes (flanged pipe) or shafts by which they may be coupled together using bolts that pass through holes in the flanges (flange coupling, flange union), or by toggle clamps around the periphery. 2. An extended rim on a wheel that positions it laterally on a track. Commonly used for railway rolling stock. 3. The top and bottom parts of an I-beam. 法蘭是指螺栓的頭部樣式，其中頭部下方有一個圓形“法蘭”，其作用類似于墊圈以分配載荷。凸緣是凸出的平輪輞或凸緣。1.管道（法蘭管）或軸端部的環形邊緣，通過這些邊緣，可以使用穿過法蘭孔的螺栓（法蘭聯軸器、法蘭接頭）或通過周邊的肘節夾將管道連接在一起。2.車輪上的延伸輪輞，將其橫向定位在軌道上。通常用于鐵路車輛。3.工字梁的頂部和底部。 |
| Flange bolt | 法蘭螺栓 |
A bolt with a built in washer-like flange just below the head. 在頭部下方帶有內置墊圈狀法蘭的螺栓。 |
| Flange rotation | 法蘭轉角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法蘭在螺栓和反作用力影響下的角度變形。相對于法蘭橫截面的中心測量。 |
| Flat head | 平頭 |
Flat top surface and a conical bearing surface. 平頂表面和錐形軸承表面。 |
| Flattening test | 壓扁試驗 |
This term as applied to tubing refers to a method of testing a section of tubing by flattening it until the inside walls are parallel and separated by a given distanceusually equal to three times the wall thickness for seamless tubes and five times the wall thickness for lap-welded tubes. Boiler tubes subjected to this test should show no cracks or flaws. The flattening test applied to rivets, consists in flattening a rivet head while hot to a diameter equal to 21?2 times the diameter of the shank or body of the rivet. Good rivet steel must not crack at the edges of the flattened head. 該術語適用于管材，是指通過壓扁管材直至內壁平行并隔開給定距離（通常等于無縫鋼管壁厚的三倍，搭接焊管壁厚的五倍）來測試管材截面的方法。進行該試驗的鍋爐管應無裂紋或缺陷。適用于鉚釘的壓扁試驗包括在熱態下壓扁鉚釘頭，使其直徑等于鉚釘柄或鉚釘體直徑的21?2倍。良好的鉚釘鋼不得在扁平頭部邊緣開裂。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗彎強度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 斷裂或斷裂時刻外層纖維的最大應力。 |
| Fluid mechanics | 流體力學 |
The study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or fluid statics where there is no relative motion between fluid particles. Fluid statics concerns primarily the variation of pressure with altitude or depth; it includes aerostatics and hydrostatics. Fluid dynamics includes the topics of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics and many aspects of acoustics, chemical engineering, flight, lubrication, meteorology, non-Newtonian fluid flow, oceanography, power-plant technology, propulsion, and turbomachinery. 研究運動中的流體（流體動力學）或流體靜力學，其中流體粒子之間沒有相對運動。流體靜力學主要關注壓力隨高度或深度的變化；它包括空氣靜力學和流體靜力學。流體動力學包括空氣動力學、氣體動力學、水力學、流體動力學以及聲學、化學工程、飛行、潤滑、氣象學、非牛頓流體流動、海洋學、發電廠技術、推進和渦輪機械的許多方面。 |
| Fog quenching | 霧淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在細蒸汽或薄霧中淬火。 |
| Following flank | 跟隨側翼 |
The flank of a thread opposite to the leading flank. 與前牙面相對的螺紋牙面。 |
| Force ratio | 力比 |
The factor by which a simple machine multiplies an applied force. It is the ratio of the load (output force) to the effort (input force). 簡單機器乘以所施加的力的因子。它是負載（輸出力）與作用力（輸入力）的比值。 |
| Forced-air quench | 強制空氣淬火 |
A quench utilizing blasts of compressed air against relatively small parts such as a gear. 利用壓縮空氣沖擊相對較小的零件（例如齒輪）進行的淬火。 |
| Forge | 鍛造 |
To shape metal while holt and plastic by a hammering or forcing process. Dies used in process. 通過錘擊或強制過程使金屬成型，同時保持塑料成型。過程會使用模具。 |
| Forging | 鍛造處理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 將生鋼制成特定形狀的過程。鍛造產品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夾和障礙銷。 1. 一種通過手工或機器錘擊金屬（落鍛、壓力機）制造部件的方法。2.通過鍛造工藝制成的零件。 |
| Forging cracks | 鍛造裂紋 |
This may occur during fastener manufacturing at the cutting or forging operations and are located on the top of the head or on the raised periphery of indented head bolts. 這可能發生在緊固件制造過程中的切削或鍛造操作中，并且位于頭部的頂部或帶鋸齒的頭部螺栓的凸起周邊上。 |
| Form of thread | 螺紋形式 |
The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. 一個螺距長度的螺紋在軸向平面中的輪廓。 |
| Fracture | 斷裂 |
(rupture) The separation of materials, components, or structures into two or more parts by the propagation of one or more cracks. Cracking may be globally elastic (brittle) or accompanied by varying degrees of plasticity (ductile). （斷裂）通過一個或多個裂紋的擴展將材料、部件或結構分離成兩個或更多部分。裂紋可能是整體彈性（脆性）或伴有不同程度的塑性（延性）。 |
| Fracture mechanics | 斷裂力學 |
The stress analysis of bodies containing cracks. The use of stressconcentration factors and other correction factors of traditional strength of materials is inadequate when flaws are present initially (or develop during loading), since fracture depends not only on stress but also the size of the crack. Traditional strength of materials stress calculations cannot predict either the safe working stress in the presence of a known flaw, or the critical size of flaw just tolerable with a given working stress. 含裂紋物體的應力分析。當初始存在缺陷（或在加載過程中形成缺陷）時，使用應力集中系數和傳統材料強度的其他修正系數是不夠的，因為斷裂不僅取決于應力，還取決于裂紋的大小。傳統的材料強度應力計算既不能預測已知缺陷存在時的安全工作應力，也不能預測給定工作應力下可容忍的缺陷臨界尺寸。 |
| Fracture mechanisms | 斷裂機制 |
The microstructural mechanisms that cause fracture, such as void initiation, growth and coalescence, cleavage. 導致斷裂的微觀結構機制，如空隙的萌生、生長和聚結、解理。 |
| Fracture strength | 斷裂強度 |
(fracture stress) (Unit Pa) The stress at which a material breaks. It is not absolute for a given material, as it depends on the laws of fracture mechanics and is size-dependent. （斷裂應力）（單位Pa）材料斷裂時的應力。對于給定的材料，它不是絕對的，因為它取決于斷裂力學定律，并且取決于尺寸。 |
| Fracture stress | 斷裂應力 |
The true normal stress on the minimum cross-sectional area at the beginning of fracture. This term usually applies to tension tests of unnotched specimens. 斷裂開始時最小橫截面積上的真實正應力。該術語通常適用于無缺口試樣的拉伸試驗。 |
| Fracture surface | 斷裂面 |
The irregular surface produced when a piece of metal is broken. 一塊金屬破碎時產生的不規則表面。 |
| Fracture test | 斷裂試驗 |
A test in which a specimen is broken and its fracture surface is examined with the unaided eye or with a low-power microscope to determine such factors as composition, grain size, case depth, or internal discontinuities. 1. The recording of load-deflexion (or stress–strain) in a specimen loaded monotonically until it breaks in tension, compression, shear, or torsion. 2. In fatigue, determination of the number of cycles to fracture for a specimen under different patterns of repeated loading. 3. Experiments to determine fracture toughness. 一種試驗，其中試樣被破壞并用肉眼或低倍顯微鏡檢查其斷裂表面，以確定成分、晶粒尺寸、表層深度或內部不連續性等因素。1.記錄單調加載試樣的載荷偏轉（或應力-應變），直到其在拉伸、壓縮、剪切或扭轉中斷裂。2.在疲勞技術中，確定試樣在不同重復載荷模式下的斷裂循環次數。3.測定斷裂韌性的實驗。 |
| Fracture toughness | 斷裂韌性 |
A generic term for measures of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of fracture mechanics tests, which are directly applicable in fracture control. However, the term commonly includes results from simple tests of notched or precracked specimens not based on fracture mechanics analysis. Results from tests of the latter type are often useful for fracture control, based on either service experience or empirical correlations with fracture mechanics tests. 裂紋擴展阻力測量的通用術語。該術語有時僅限于斷裂力學試驗的結果，這些結果直接適用于斷裂控制。該術語通常包括非基于斷裂力學分析的切口或預裂紋試樣的簡單試驗結果。基于使用經驗或與斷裂力學試驗的經驗相關性，后一類試驗的結果通常有助于斷裂控制。 |
| Free carbon | 游離碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast with combined carbon. 鋼或鑄鐵中總碳中以石墨或回火碳等元素形式存在的部分。與結合碳形成對比。 |
| Free ferrite | 游離鐵氧體 |
Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite. 在冷卻過程中亞共析奧氏體分解直接形成的鐵素體，沒有同時形成滲碳體。也是先共析鐵氧體。 |
| Free joint | 萬向節 |
The joint on a robot arm and wrist that causes the greatest end-effector movement when a specified force is applied to the end effector, i.e. that has the lowest stiffness with regard to the force. 機器人手臂和手腕上的關節，當指定的力施加到末端執行器時，會導致末端執行器的最大運動，即相對于力具有最低剛度。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工變得容易的特性，比如硫賦予鋼的特性，等等。 |
| Freezing point | 冰點 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物質從液態變為固態的溫度。大多數物質的冰點隨著壓力的增加而增加。從固體到液體的逆過程是熔化；熔點與凝固點相同。 |
| Freezing range | 凍融范圍 |
That temperature range between liquidus and solidus temperatures in which molten and solid constituents coexist. 熔融和固體成分共存的液相線和固相線溫度之間的溫度范圍。 |
| Frequency | 頻率 |
(temporal frequency, f) (Unit Hz) The number of cycles per second in an oscillation or the repetition rate for a cyclic process. （時間頻率，f）（單位Hz）振蕩中每秒的周期數或循環過程的重復率。 |
| Fretting corrosion | 微動腐蝕 |
(1) The accelerated deterioration at the interface between contacting surfaces as the result of corrosion and slight oscillatory movement between the two surfaces. (2) A form of fretting in which chemical reaction predominates. Fretting corrosion is often characterized by the removal of particles and subsequent formation of oxides, which are often abrasive and so increase the wear. Fretting corrosion can involve other chemical reaction products, which may not be abrasive. （1）由于兩個表面之間的腐蝕和輕微振蕩運動，接觸表面之間的界面加速劣化。（2）一種以化學反應為主的微動磨損形式。微動腐蝕通常以顆粒的去除和隨后形成的氧化物為特征，這些氧化物通常具有研磨性，因此會增加磨損。微動腐蝕可能涉及其他化學反應產物，這些化學反應產物可能不是磨料。 |
| Fretting fatigue | 微動疲勞 |
Fatigue fracture that initiate at a surface area where fretting has occurred. The progressive damage to a solid surface that arises from fretting. 在發生微動的表面區域開始的疲勞斷裂。由微動引起的對固體表面的漸進性損壞。 |
| Friction | 摩擦 |
The resistance that a body encounters when sliding over another body, or experiences when a viscous fluid flows over its surface. 一個物體在另一個物體上滑動時遇到的阻力，或者當粘性流體流過其表面時所經歷的阻力。 |
| Friction loss (Unit J) | 摩擦損失（單位J） |
The conversion of mechanical energy to heat due to friction within a machine, mechanism, linkage, etc. 由于機器、機構、連桿等內部的摩擦而將機械能轉化為熱能。 |
| Friction materials | 摩擦材料 |
Materials having a high coefficient of friction which, when coupled with a long life, may be employed as brake linings or the facing of the plates of a clutch. 具有高摩擦系數的材料，當與長壽命相結合時，可用作制動襯片或離合器片的飾面。 |
| Full annealing | 全退火 |
An imprecise term that denotes an annealing cycle to produce minimum strength and hardness. For the term to be meaningful, the composition and starting condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated. Annealing a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling slowly through the transformation range. 一個不精確的術語，表示產生最小強度和硬度的退火循環。為了使該術語有意義，必須說明材料的組成和起始條件以及使用的時間-溫度循環。通過奧氏體化退火鐵合金，然后在轉變范圍內緩慢冷卻。 |
| Full hard | 全硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state beyond which the material can no longer be formed by bending. In specifications, a full hard temper is commonly defined in terms of minimum hardness or minimum tensile strength (or, alternatively, a range of hardness or strength) corresponding to a specific percentage of cold reduction following a full anneal. For aluminum, a full hard temper is equivalent to a reduction of 75% from dead soft ; for austenitic stainless steels, a reduction of about 50 to 55%. 有色金屬合金和一些鐵合金的回火狀態，大致對應于冷加工狀態，超過該狀態，材料就不能再通過彎曲形成。在規范中，完全硬質回火通常定義為與完全退火后的特定冷壓下率百分比相對應的最小硬度或最小抗拉強度（或者，硬度或強度范圍）。對于鋁來說，完全硬回火相當于從極軟狀態減少75%；對于奧氏體不銹鋼，減少約50%至55%。 |
| Full size body | 全尺寸螺紋桿 |
The body of a bolt or screw which has a diameter between the minimum and maximum limits of the major diameter of the thread. 螺栓或螺釘的主體，其直徑介于螺紋大徑的最小和最大限制之間。 |
| Full-size fastener | 全尺寸緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d or ds > d, or screw threaded to the head, or fully threaded stud. 柄徑為ds≈d或ds>d的緊固件，或螺紋連接到頭部，或全螺紋螺柱。 |
| Furnace | 爐 |
1. A type of combustion chamber in which solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels are burned to supply hot gases to a boiler or other process plant. Examples include the firebox, boiler furnace (steam-generating furnace), hot-air furnace, oil-fired furnace, updraught furnace, and water-cooled furnace. 2. A chamber, sometimes having a controlled atmosphere or under vacuum (vacuum furnace), for heating and melting materials. Examples include the blast furnace, direct- and indirect-arc furnaces, the induction furnace (high-frequency furnace), muffle furnace, reverberatory furnace, and solar furnace. 1.一種燃燒室，其中燃燒固體、液體或氣體燃料以向鍋爐或其他工藝設備供應熱氣。示例包括燃燒室、鍋爐爐（蒸汽發生爐）、熱風爐、燃油爐、上升氣流爐和水冷爐。2.用于加熱和熔化材料的腔室，有時具有受控氣氛或真空（真空爐）。例如高爐、直接和間接電弧爐、感應爐（高頻爐）、馬弗爐、反射爐和太陽能爐。 |