| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Waist | 腰部 |
The joint in a robot corresponding to the human waist, i.e. providing rotation about a vertical axis. In an articulated robot, the first joint mounted at the base frame. 機(jī)器人中的關(guān)節(jié)對應(yīng)于人的腰部，即提供繞垂直軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)。在關(guān)節(jié)式機(jī)器人中，第一個關(guān)節(jié)安裝在基架上。 |
| Wallner lines | Wallner線 |
A distinct pattern of intersecting sets of parallel lines, usually producing a set of V-shaped lines, sometimes observed when viewing brittle fracture surfaces at high magnification in an electron microscope. Wallner lines are attributed to interaction between a shock wave and a brittle crack front propagating at high velocity. Sometimes Wallner lines are misinterpreted as fatigue striations. 一組相交的平行線的獨特圖案，通常產(chǎn)生一組V形線，有時在電子顯微鏡下高倍觀察脆性斷裂表面時觀察到。Wallner線歸因于高速傳播的沖擊波和脆性裂紋前沿之間的相互作用。有時Wallner線被誤解為疲勞條紋。 |
| Washer | 墊圈 |
An annular disc of metal, rubber, plastic, ceramic, etc., placed between two surfaces in contact either to spread the load (for example, between a surface and a tightened nut or a bolt head), to provide a seal, or to separate or align components. 由金屬、橡膠、塑料、陶瓷等制成的環(huán)形圓盤，放置在兩個接觸面之間，以分散載荷（例如，在一個表面和擰緊的螺母或螺栓頭之間），提供密封，或分離或?qū)R部件。 |
| Waste heat | 廢熱 |
1. Heat generated by internal-combustion engines, gas turbines, electrical generators, electrical equipment, and industrial processes that is not used directly but is expelled to the environment, often in hot flue or exhaust gases. 2. Heat generated from waste 1.內(nèi)燃機(jī)、燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)、發(fā)電機(jī)、電氣設(shè)備和工業(yè)過程產(chǎn)生的熱量，這些熱量不是直接使用的，而是通過熱煙氣或廢氣排放到環(huán)境中。2.廢物產(chǎn)生的熱量 |
| Waste-heat recovery | 廢熱回收 |
The recovery of thermal energy from flue and exhaust gases, or from liquids heated in industrial processes. Recovery devices include pre-heaters, recuperators, regenerators, and waste-heat boilers. 從煙道和廢氣中或從工業(yè)過程中加熱的液體中回收熱能。回收裝置包括預(yù)熱器、回?zé)崞鳌⒃偕骱陀酂徨仩t。 |
| Water column | 水柱 |
Water in a tube, which may be vertical or inclined. If the tube is open to the atmosphere, the vertical height h from a datum level to the water surface is a measure of the water static pressure p at the datum level given by p ? B = ρgh where B is the barometric pressure, ρ denotes the water density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. 管道中的水，可以是垂直的或傾斜的。如果管道向大氣開放，則從基準(zhǔn)面到水面的垂直高度h是基準(zhǔn)面處水靜壓p的量度，由p給出?B=ρgh，其中B是大氣壓力，ρ表示水密度，g是重力引起的加速度。 |
| Water hammer | 水錘 |
The reflected pressure surge that occurs in a liquid flowing through a pipe, usually as a consequence of sudden closure of a valve. The surge may cause the pipe to vibrate and a hammering noise to be heard. Key factors affecting the surge amplitude are the compressibility of the liquid (especially if it contains undissolved gas) and the elasticity of the pipe wall. 在流經(jīng)管道的液體中發(fā)生的反射壓力波動，通常是閥門突然關(guān)閉的結(jié)果。浪涌可能導(dǎo)致管道振動，并聽到錘擊噪音。影響喘振幅度的關(guān)鍵因素是液體的可壓縮性（特別是當(dāng)其含有未溶解氣體時）和管壁的彈性。 |
| Water jacket | 水套 |
A casing, typically of sheet metal, surrounding a machine, such as an engine, that requires cooling. Water is circulated through the jacket and a heat exchanger where the heat is removed. 機(jī)殼一種機(jī)殼，通常由金屬板制成，圍繞著需要冷卻的機(jī)器，如發(fā)動機(jī)。水通過夾套和熱交換器循環(huán)，在熱交換器中熱量被去除。 |
| Water quenching | 水淬 |
A quench in which water is the quenching medium. The major disadvantage of water quenching is its poor efficiency at the beginning or hot stage of the quenching process. 以水為淬火介質(zhì)的淬火。水淬的主要缺點是在淬火過程的開始或熱階段效率低。 |
| Water-jet cutting | 水射流切割 |
Cutting of materials such as rock by means of a high-speed jet of water containing abrasive particles. 通過含有磨料顆粒的高速水射流切割巖石等材料。 |
| Wave spring | 波形彈簧 |
A type of compression spring, similar to a coil spring, but made of strip shaped into waves around the circumference. 一種壓縮彈簧，類似于螺旋彈簧，但由沿圓周成波浪形的條狀物制成。 |
| Waviness | 波紋度 |
Waviness is periodic deviations from geometric surface, often sinusoidal in form and often determined by low-level oscillations of the machine-tool-workpiece system during machining. Typically, wavelengths range from 1 to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 in.) and wave heights from a few to several hundred micrometers. 波紋度是與幾何表面的周期性偏差，其形式通常是正弦的，通常由機(jī)床-工件系統(tǒng)在加工過程中的低水平振蕩決定。通常，波長范圍為1至10毫米（0.04至0.4英寸），波高范圍為幾微米至幾百微米。 |
| Wear | 磨損 |
Damage to a solid surface, generally involving progressive loss of material, due to relative motion between that surface and a contacting surface or substance. The deterioration of a component or structure with time and usage, often impairing the function for which it was designed, owing to abrasion, corrosion, fatigue, friction, etc. during relative motion of parts. The wear factor (K), with unit mm3/N.m, is an empirical dimensional factor that quantifies surface wear due to mechanical frictional contact, and defined by K = /Fs where is the worn volume (in mm3), F is the contact load (in N), and s is the sliding distance (in m). 由于固體表面與接觸表面或物質(zhì)之間的相對運動，對固體表面的損壞，通常涉及材料的漸進(jìn)損失。部件或結(jié)構(gòu)隨時間和使用而劣化，通常由于部件相對運動過程中的磨損、腐蝕、疲勞、摩擦等而損害其設(shè)計功能。磨損系數(shù)（K），單位為mm3/N.m、 是量化機(jī)械摩擦接觸導(dǎo)致的表面磨損的經(jīng)驗尺寸因子，由K=/Fs定義，其中是磨損體積（單位：mm3），F(xiàn)是接觸載荷（單位：N），s是滑動距離（單位：m）。 |
| Wear rate | 磨損率 |
The rate of material removal or dimensional change due to wear per unit of exposure parameter—for example, quantity of material removed(mass, volume, thickness) in unit distance of sliding or unit time. 由于單位暴露參數(shù)的磨損而導(dǎo)致的材料去除率或尺寸變化，例如，單位滑動距離或單位時間內(nèi)去除的材料數(shù)量（質(zhì)量、體積、厚度）。 |
| Wedge | 楔子 |
A short triangular prism whose major surfaces subtend an acute angle, that can be driven between two objects or parts of an object to split, tighten, or secure them, or to widen an opening or raise a heavy object. The acute angle gives a high mechanical advantage. 一種短的三棱鏡，其主面對著一個銳角，可在兩個物體或物體的一部分之間驅(qū)動，以將它們分開、擰緊或固定，或加寬開口或舉起重物。銳角具有很高的機(jī)械優(yōu)勢。 |
| Weight (W) (Unit N) | 重量（W）（單位：N） |
The force of attraction on a body due to gravity. A body’s weight is the product of its mass and the gravitational field strength at that point. Mass remains constant, but weight depends on the object’s position on the Earth’s surface, decreasing with increasing altitude. If g is the acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a mass m is given by W = mg. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s2, so that the weight of a 1 kg mass is 9.81 N. More generally, the weight is the force exerted on the mass of a body when in the gravitational field of another body. 重力由于重力作用在物體上的吸引力。物體的重量是其質(zhì)量和該點引力場強(qiáng)度的乘積。質(zhì)量保持不變，但重量取決于物體在地球表面的位置，隨著海拔的升高而減小。如果g是重力引起的加速度，則質(zhì)量m的重量由W=mg給出。在地球上，重力引起的加速度約為9.81m/s2，因此1千克質(zhì)量的重量為9.81N。更一般地說，重量是在另一個物體的重力場中施加在物體質(zhì)量上的力。 |
| Weld penetration | 焊接熔深 |
It is the depth below the surfaces, as revealed in microstructural sections of joined metals, which is melted during welding. 它是焊接過程中熔化的連接金屬的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)截面所顯示的表面以下的深度。 |
| Welding | 焊接 |
In tribology, the bonding between metallic surfaces in direct contact, at any temperature. A joining process in which the mating surfaces are at least softened, or more usually melted, unlike soldering and brazing. In solid-state (non-melting) welding, similar or dissimilar metals or thermoplastics may be joined by applying pressure to hot interfaces. In forge welding, joining is achieved by compression across the join between pre-heated workpieces. In friction welding (spin welding) one of the contacting surfaces is rotated rapidly before being loaded against the other. On contact, heat generated by friction softens the materials and permits severe plastic deformation that seals the joint. In friction stir welding, a wear-resistant tool is rotated rapidly, indents the surfaces and is traversed to form a join line. Resistance welding involves simultaneous pressure and electrically-generated heat, as in spot welding where a heavy electric current is passed for a short time through metal sheets which are pressed together between electrodes. 在摩擦學(xué)中，在任何溫度下直接接觸的金屬表面之間的結(jié)合。與釬焊和釬焊不同，接合面至少軟化或更通常熔化的接合工藝。在固態(tài)（非熔化）焊接中，相似或不同的金屬或熱塑性塑料可通過向熱界面施加壓力來連接。在鍛造焊接中，通過壓縮預(yù)熱工件之間的連接來實現(xiàn)連接。在摩擦焊接（旋轉(zhuǎn)焊接）中，一個接觸表面在被加載到另一個表面之前快速旋轉(zhuǎn)。接觸時，摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量使材料軟化，并允許密封接頭的嚴(yán)重塑性變形。在攪拌摩擦焊中，耐磨工具快速旋轉(zhuǎn)，使表面凹陷，并橫穿形成連接線。電阻焊涉及同時產(chǎn)生的壓力和電產(chǎn)生的熱量，如點焊，在點焊中，大電流短時間通過電極之間壓在一起的金屬板。 |
| Wheel | 輪 |
A solid disc, or a circular ring with spokes radiating from a central hub, either attached to an axle around which it revolves or which revolves with a rotating axle. 一個實心圓盤，或一個帶有輻條的圓環(huán)，輻條從一個中心轂放射出來，或附在一個繞其旋轉(zhuǎn)的軸上，或與一個旋轉(zhuǎn)軸一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Widmanst?tten structure | 魏氏組織 |
A structure characterized by a geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. The structure is readily produced in many alloys by appropriate heat treatment. 一種結(jié)構(gòu)，其特征是沿母體固溶體的某些晶體學(xué)平面形成新相而形成的幾何圖案。新相中晶格的取向在晶體學(xué)上與母相中晶格的定向相關(guān)。通過適當(dāng)?shù)臒崽幚恚谠S多合金中容易產(chǎn)生這種結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Width across flats | 平面寬度 |
A principal dimension of nuts, or of bolt heads. Work hardening The slight increase in hardness and strength produced when a body is loaded past its yield point. Also called strain hardening. 螺母或螺栓頭的主要尺寸。加工硬化：當(dāng)物體被加載超過其屈服點時，硬度和強(qiáng)度略有增加。也稱為應(yīng)變硬化。 |
| Wind energy (Unit kJ) | 風(fēng)能（單位kJ） |
The kinetic energy associated with wind that can be converted by a wind energy conversion system (WECS) into electrical or mechanical power by a rotor, such as a multi-bladed propeller, exposed to the wind. If the air density is ρ and the wind speed is V, then the kinetic energy flux is ρV3/2. The actual wind power that can be extracted by a wind turbine intercepting a cross section of wind A is CPρAV3/2 where CP is an empirical efficiency factor termed the power coefficient. The wind-energy distribution is a histogram of the calculated wind power that can be generated annually from the windspeed frequency distribution at a given location. A windmill generates mechanical power whereas a wind turbine (wind generator) generates electrical power. The largest wind turbine, manufactured by MHI Vestas, has a power rating of 9.5 MW, a rotor diameter of 164 m, and a hub height of 105 m (the highest wind turbines have heights in the region of 190 m). A wind farm is an array of wind turbines, typically ten to several hundred, at a single location, either onshore or offshore. Energy derived from wind is a major contributor to sustainable energy generation. The largest operational offshore wind farm, located in the Irish Sea, has 87 turbines and a total generating capacity of 659 MW. The largest onshore wind farm is in Kern County, California with some 586 turbines and a total capacity of 1 550 MW. 風(fēng)能轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)（WECS）可通過暴露于風(fēng)中的轉(zhuǎn)子（如多葉片螺旋槳）將與風(fēng)相關(guān)的動能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能或機(jī)械能。如果空氣密度為ρ，風(fēng)速為V，則動能通量為ρV3/2。可由截獲風(fēng)a橫截面的風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)提取的實際風(fēng)功率為CPρAV3/2，其中CP是稱為功率系數(shù)的經(jīng)驗效率因子。風(fēng)能分布是根據(jù)給定位置處的風(fēng)速頻率分布每年可產(chǎn)生的計算風(fēng)力的直方圖。風(fēng)車產(chǎn)生機(jī)械功率，而風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)（風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)）產(chǎn)生電功率。MHI Vestas制造的最大風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)的額定功率為9.5MW，轉(zhuǎn)子直徑為164m，輪轂高度為105m（最高風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)的高度為190m）。風(fēng)電場是一系列風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)，通常為十到幾百臺，位于單一位置，無論是陸上還是海上。風(fēng)能是可持續(xù)能源發(fā)電的主要貢獻(xiàn)者。最大的海上風(fēng)電場位于愛爾蘭海，擁有87臺渦輪機(jī)，總發(fā)電容量為659MW。最大的陸上風(fēng)電場位于加利福尼亞州克恩縣，擁有約586臺渦輪機(jī)，總?cè)萘繛?550兆瓦。 |
| Wind pressure (Unit Pa) | 風(fēng)壓（單位Pa） |
The dynamic pressure associated with the wind. The static pressure of the wind is the atmospheric pressure. 與風(fēng)相關(guān)的動態(tài)壓力。風(fēng)的靜壓是大氣壓。 |
| Wind pump | 風(fēng)泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的風(fēng)車直接驅(qū)動的泵。廣泛應(yīng)用于偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)。 |
| Wind tunnel | 風(fēng)洞 |
A duct in which a controlled flow of air is used for testing and research. Types include blow down, closed circuit, open return, and open section. Closed-circuit tunnels may be pressurized or evacuated. The working section is usually situated immediately downstream of the flow-conditioning elements, which may include a plenum chamber, honeycomb, screens, turbulence grids, and a contraction. Immediately downstream there is usually a diffuser. For basic research the usual requirement is for uniform steady flow in the working section with low swirl and turbulence intensity. For some applications the flow may be density stratified, sheared, unsteady, or of high turbulence intensity. 用于測試和研究的可控氣流管道。類型包括排污、閉路、開路回路和開路段。閉路隧道可加壓或排空。工作段通常位于流量調(diào)節(jié)元件的下游，可包括增壓室、蜂窩、濾網(wǎng)、湍流格柵和收縮管。緊靠下游通常有一個擴(kuò)散器。對于基礎(chǔ)研究，通常的要求是在低渦流和湍流強(qiáng)度的工作段中實現(xiàn)均勻穩(wěn)定流動。對于某些應(yīng)用，流動可能是密度分層、剪切、不穩(wěn)定或高湍流強(qiáng)度。 |
| Wind velocity (Unit m/s) | 風(fēng)速（單位：m/s） |
1. In the Earth’s atmosphere, a vector quantity that quantifies both the magnitude of the wind speed and its direction at a given altitude and location, conveniently represented in the hodograph plane. For convenience, the unit kph is often used. It could in principle also include information about large- and small-scale unsteadiness. Spatial variation in wind velocity, either with altitude or in a horizontal plane, is termed wind shear. 2. The airspeed in the working section of a wind tunnel. 1.在地球大氣層中，一種矢量量，用于量化給定高度和位置處的風(fēng)速大小及其方向，方便地用速度計平面表示。為方便起見，通常使用單位kph。原則上，它還可以包括關(guān)于大尺度和小尺度不穩(wěn)定性的信息。風(fēng)速隨高度或水平面的空間變化稱為風(fēng)切變。2.風(fēng)洞工作段的空速。 |
| Wing | 翼 |
A relatively long and thin body with a cross section designed to produce lift when there is motion relative to a fluid. The principal applications are to aircraft and highperformance motor vehicles. 一種相對長而薄的物體，其橫截面設(shè)計用于在相對于流體運動時產(chǎn)生升力。主要應(yīng)用于飛機(jī)和高性能機(jī)動車輛。 |
| Wing nut | 蝶形螺母 |
A nut having two opposite protruding wings to permit hand tightening. 一種螺母，有兩個相對突出的翼片，可以用手?jǐn)Q緊。 |
| Wire rope | 鋼絲繩 |
A type of cable formed from individual strands of wire with a helical twist. 一種線纜，由具有螺旋扭曲的單獨的線股形成。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 熱力學(xué)循環(huán)的凈功與實際功之比。 |
| Working fluid | 工作流體 |
In thermodynamics, the fluid contained within the boundary of a system that experiences changes in its properties during any fluid dynamic or thermodynamic process. 在熱力學(xué)中，包含在系統(tǒng)邊界內(nèi)的流體，在任何流體動力學(xué)或熱力學(xué)過程中其性質(zhì)發(fā)生變化。 |
| Working load (Unit N) | 工作負(fù)荷（單位：N） |
The tension in a bolt in use; tension produced by a combination of Residual preload and a portion (usually) of any External load. The Joint diagram is usually used to predict the approximate working load a fastener will see in service. The load under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 螺栓在使用中的張力；殘余預(yù)載荷和部分（通常）任何外部載荷的組合產(chǎn)生的張力。連接圖通常用于預(yù)測緊固件在使用中的近似工作載荷。部件或結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計為在正常條件下運行的荷載。 |
| Working pressure (Unit Pa) | 工作壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure at which a pressure vessel, such as a boiler, is designed to operate under normal conditions. 壓力容器（如鍋爐）設(shè)計用于在正常條件下運行的壓力。 |
| Working section | 工作區(qū) |
That part of a wind tunnel in which models are placed for testing, or where detailed measurements are performed. 風(fēng)洞中放置模型進(jìn)行測試或進(jìn)行詳細(xì)測量的部分。 |
| Working stress (Unit Pa) | 工作應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The stress under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計為在正常條件下運行的應(yīng)力。 |
| Workspace (Unit m3) | 工作空間（單位m3） |
(working-space volume) The volume around the base frame of a robot, defined by the reach of the robot. The robot can thus only perform tasks within this volume. （工作空間體積）機(jī)器人基架周圍的體積，由機(jī)器人的可達(dá)范圍定義。因此，機(jī)器人只能執(zhí)行該體積內(nèi)的任務(wù)。 |
| Wrap-around bend | 環(huán)繞彎曲 |
The bend obtained when a specimen is wrapped in a closed helix around a cylindrical mandrel. This term is sometimes applied to a semiguided bend of 180° or less. 當(dāng)試樣纏繞在圓柱形心軸周圍的閉合螺旋中時獲得的彎曲。該術(shù)語有時適用于180°或更小的半導(dǎo)彎曲。 |
| Wrinkling | 起皺 |
A wavy condition obtained in deep drawing of sheet metal, in the area of the metal between the edge of the flange and the draw radius. Wrinkling may also occur in other forming operations when unbalanced compressive forces are set up. 在金屬板深沖過程中，在法蘭邊緣和拉深半徑之間的金屬區(qū)域內(nèi)獲得的波浪狀狀態(tài)。當(dāng)設(shè)置不平衡壓縮力時，在其他成形操作中也可能發(fā)生起皺。 |
| Wrist | 腕關(guān)節(jié) |
The final three joints on a robot which simulate rotations provided by the human wrist and thus allow orientation of the end effector to which it is attached by the wrist socket. 機(jī)器人上的最后三個關(guān)節(jié)，模擬人類手腕提供的旋轉(zhuǎn)，從而允許其通過手腕插座連接到的末端執(zhí)行器的方向。 |
| Wrist pin | 腕銷 |
A stud projecting from a crank as an attachment for a connecting rod. wrought alloys Metal alloys that are initially cast and then shaped into final form by processes such as extrusion, forging, or rolling. 從曲柄上伸出的一個螺柱，作為連接桿的附件。鍛造合金最初鑄造，然后通過擠壓、鍛造或軋制等工藝成形為最終形狀的金屬合金。 |
| Wrought iron | 鍛鐵 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一種高韌性（但各向異性）的鐵，含有細(xì)長的礦渣纖維，由生鐵中多余的碳燃燒和加工的制造方法產(chǎn)生。屈服強(qiáng)度約為200MPa，抗拉強(qiáng)度為320MPa，50mm標(biāo)距上的面積縮減率高達(dá)35%。現(xiàn)在被鋼所取代。 |